Meninos negros na literatura infantil e juvenil: corpos ausentes

Invisibilização ou sub-humanização são as principais características dos corpos negros na literatura infantil e juvenil desde seu surgimento. Especialmente os meninos negros tiveram como marca a estereotipia e a vulnerabilidade. Apenas nas últimas décadas é que esse panorama vem, lentamente, se modificado e mesmo assim muito mais propício para a menina negra do que para o menino-personagem. Por isso o interesse do presente artigo é de analisar, em caráter comparativo, esses dois momentos: em que o menino negro tem sua voz e identidade vilipendiadas e, mais recentemente, vem sendo representado de modo mais altivo. No primeiro grupo estão os livros “Dito, o negrinho da flauta”, de Pedro Bloch (1983) e “Manobra Radical”, de Edith Modesto (2003), analisados por meio de categorias adaptadas de Maria Anória J. Oliveira (2003). Já as obras do segundo grupo são: “Chuva de manga”, de James Rumford (2005), “O chamado de Sosu”, de Meshack Asare (2005) e “Panquecas de Mama Panya”, de Mary e Rich Chamberlin (2005), títulos analisados a partir do conceito de “infancialização”. O que se anuncia, neste estudo, é um panorama ainda frágil sobre a representatividade do menino negro na literatura infantil e juvenil disponível no mercado editorial brasileiro

Meninos negros na literatura infantil e juvenil: corpos ausentes

Invisibilização ou sub-humanização são as principais características dos corpos negros na literatura infantil e juvenil desde seu surgimento. Especialmente os meninos negros tiveram como marca a estereotipia e a vulnerabilidade. Apenas nas últimas décadas é que esse panorama vem, lentamente, se modificado e mesmo assim muito mais propício para a menina negra do que para o menino-personagem. Por isso o interesse do presente artigo é de analisar, em caráter comparativo, esses dois momentos: em que o menino negro tem sua voz e identidade vilipendiadas e, mais recentemente, vem sendo representado de modo mais altivo. No primeiro grupo estão os livros “Dito, o negrinho da flauta”, de Pedro Bloch (1983) e “Manobra Radical”, de Edith Modesto (2003), analisados por meio de categorias adaptadas de Maria Anória J. Oliveira (2003). Já as obras do segundo grupo são: “Chuva de manga”, de James Rumford (2005), “O chamado de Sosu”, de Meshack Asare (2005) e “Panquecas de Mama Panya”, de Mary e Rich Chamberlin (2005), títulos analisados a partir do conceito de “infancialização”. O que se anuncia, neste estudo, é um panorama ainda frágil sobre a representatividade do menino negro na literatura infantil e juvenil disponível no mercado editorial brasileiro

Exposição à mistura de vitamina C, hesperidina e piperidol durante a gravidez: repercussões materno-fetais

Para avaliar a performance reprodutiva de ratas e o desenvolvimento de seus filhotes, ratas Wistar prenhes foram tratadas por gavage com 0 mg/kg peso corpóreo/dia (grupo controle, n = 20) e 166,5 mg/kg/dia de mistura de vitamina C, hesperidina e piperidol (grupo experimental, n= 20) durante o período organogênico (do 5º ao 14º dia de prenhez, considerando esfregaço vaginal positivo = dia 1). As ratas foram mortas no 21º dia de prenhez. O número de implantações, reabsorções (morte embrionária) e os fetos vivos e mortos foram contados para avaliação da taxa de perda pós-implantação. Não houve alteração na performance reprodutiva materna, mas foi verificado aumento no número de fetos com uretér dilatado, hidronefrose e ossificação reduzida do crânio devido ao tratamento das ratas com a mistura de vitamina C, hesperidina e piperidol. Essas anormalidades foram consideradas transitórias e não interfeririam no desenvolvimento dos filhotes. Não foram observados outros tipos de malformações amiores e os fetos também apresentaram atrofia dos membros superiores que pudesse estar relacionado ao uso desta mistura.To evaluate the reproductive performance and the development of their offspring on rat pregnancy, Wistar pregnant rats were gavaged with 0 mg/kg wb/day (control group, n = 20) and 166.5 mg/kg/day of a mixture of vitamin C, hesperidin and piperidol (experimental group, n= 20) during the organogenic period (from day 5 to 14 of pregnancy; positive vaginal smear = day 0). The female rats were killed on day 21 of pregnancy. The number of implantations, resorptions (dead embryos), and live/dead fetuses were counted for the analysis of the postimplantation loss rates. There was neither alteration in maternal reproductive performance, but it was verified an increase of the number of fetuses presenting dilated urether, hydronephrosis, and reduced ossification of skull due to the treatment of female rats with a mixture of vitamin C, hesperidin and piperidol, these abnormalities were considered transitory and may not interfere on offspring development. It was not verified other type of major malformation neither the appearance of fetuses presenting atrophy of upper limbs that it could be associated to use of this drug

Neonatally induced mild diabetes: influence on development, behavior and reproductive function of female Wistar rats

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud Neonatal STZ treatment induces a state of mild hyperglycemia in adult rats that disrupts metabolism and maternal/fetal interactions. The aim of this study was investigate the effect of neonatal STZ treatment on the physical development, behavior, and reproductive function of female Wistar rats from infancy to adulthood.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud At birth, litters were assigned either to a Control (subcutaneous (s.c.) citrate buffer, n = 10) or STZ group, (streptozotocin (STZ) - 100 mg/kg-sc, n = 6). Blood glucose levels were measured on postnatal days (PND) 35, 84 and 120. In Experiment 1 body weight, length and the appearance of developmental milestones such as eye and vaginal opening were monitored. To assess the relative contribution of the initial and long term effects of STZ treatment this group was subdivided based on blood glucose levels recorded on PND 120: STZ hyperglycemic (between 120 and 300 mg/dl) and STZ normoglycemic (under 120 mg/dl). Behavioral activity was assessed in an open field on PND 21 and 75. In Experiment 2 estrous cyclicity, sexual behavior and circulating gonadotropin, ovarian steroid, and insulin levels were compared between control and STZ-hyperglycemic rats. In all measures the litter was the experimental unit. Parametric data were analyzed using one-way or, where appropriate, two-way ANOVA and significant effects were investigated using Tukey’s post hoc test. Fisher’s exact test was employed when data did not satisfy the assumption of normality e.g. presence of urine and fecal boli on the open field between groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all data.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud As expected neonatal STZ treatment caused hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in adulthood. STZ-treated pups also showed a temporary reduction in growth rate that probably reflected the early loss of circulating insulin. Hyperglycemic rats also exhibited a reduction in locomotor and exploratory behavior in the open field. Mild hyperglycemia did not impair gonadotropin levels or estrous cylicity but ovarian steroid concentrations were altered.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud In female Wistar rats, neonatal STZ treatment impairs growth in infancy and results in mild hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia in adulthood that is associated with changes in the response to a novel environment and altered ovarian steroid hormone levels.The authors are thankful to Ruither Carolino for hormonal determinations, to Felipe Hiroshi Saito and Silvia Sakamoto for technical assistance, to Fernanda Pereira Lima for her help with animal care, and to CAPES for financial support

Influence of maternal periuterine and periovarian fat on reproductive performance and fetal growth in rats

Abstract We aimed to evaluate how high-fat diet consumption can interfere with rat reproductive performance and fetal development. High-fat diet (HFD) was initiated in 30-day-old rats, distributed into two groups (n=7 animals/group): Rats receiving a standard diet and rats receiving HFD. At adulthood, the rats were mated, and on day 21 of pregnancy, the females were anesthetized, decapitated, and submitted to laparotomy to obtain visceral and periovarian adipose tissue. The uterine horns were exposed for analysis of maternal reproductive performance. The fetuses and placentas were weighed and analyzed. Pearson’s correlation test was used, and p<0.05 was considered significant. There was a significant positive correlation (HFD consumption x increased periovarian fat) and a negative correlation with the implantation, live fetus numbers and lower litter weight. Furthermore, the increased relative weight of periuterine fat was related to the lower number of live fetuses and litter weight. Regarding the fetal weight classification, there was a negative correlation between the relative weight of periovarian fat and the percentage of fetuses appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age. Therefore, our findings show that HFD maternal intake negatively influenced on reproductive performance and fetal growth