Growth and development of cowpea under wood ash doses and liming / Crescimento e desenvolvimento do feijão caupi sob doses de cinza de madeira e calagem

 Wood ash is a source of nutrients for plants and can be an option to correct and fertilize the soil, thus contributing to the increase of productivity and decreasing the costs in agricultural production by the use of mineral and organic fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of combinations of wood ash doses and the absence and presence of liming on the growth and development of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivated in Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus of Rondonópolis. The experimental design was in a randomized block, arranged in a factorial scheme 6 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of six doses of wood ash (0; 9; 18; 27; 36; and 45 g dm-3) subjected to two conditions (without liming and with 60% liming of base saturation) in pots of 1.5 dm3. Cowpea was positively influenced by the use of wood ash as fertilizer and concealer, contributing to the growth and development of cowpea, obtaining better results in the dose intervals between 36 g dm-3 and 45 g dm-3. 

Understanding the relation between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and adverse fetal, infant and child outcomes: a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of pregnant women and their infants and children

IntroductionZika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes.Methods and analysisWe will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty.Ethics and disseminationThe IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberPROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42017068915).</jats:sec

Disinfection of wastewater by heat treatment using solar collector

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de desinfecção de águas oriundas de esgotos domésticos, no qual seja aproveitado o calor gerado pelo sol, mantendo na água suas características químicas úteis às plantas. O experimento foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, a fim de se verificar sua viabilidade. A primeira etapa foi realizada em laboratório, com amostras de água coletadas no Ribeirão Piracicamirim. Utilizando-se um regulador automático de temperatura, foram realizados testes com o objetivo de verificar a redução de coliformes, sob as temperaturas de 45, 50, 55 e 60°C. Para os testes de quantificação e viabilidade dos ovos de helmintos foi feita a coleta de água residuária, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) Piracicamirim. Ao ser encontrada a menor temperatura na qual ocorre a maior redução de coliformes, utilizou-se o mesmo regulador automático de temperatura e procederam-se os testes sob as temperaturas 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100°C, durante o período de 1 hora de exposição. A segunda etapa foi realizada em campo. Foi implantado um sistema composto por placa solar para o aquecimento da água e reservatórios, utilizando como principio a diferença de altura de carga entre os reservatórios de entrada e saída para que a água atingisse a temperatura necessária. Nesta etapa, foram utilizados três reservatórios. No 3° reservatório, foi instalado um mecanismo que permitiu que o tubo conectado a caixa fosse movimentado de modo a ficar mais alto ou mais baixo, de acordo com a temperatura desejada. As amostras onde objetivou-se verificar presença e viabilidade de ovos de helmintos foram submetidas ao processo de separação de resíduos que permitiu posteriormente análise ao microscópio. Ao término do experimento foi realizada a comparação dos resultados e observou-se que nas temperaturas de 55°C e 60°C, o tempo de uma hora foi eficiente para eliminar tanto coliformes totais como Escherichia coli presentes nas amostras em comparação à amostra de caracterização da água testada. Diante disso, realizaram-se testes reduzindo o tempo de exposição das amostras, obtendo-se como resultado o tempo mínimo de 15 minutos à temperatura de 60°C para que fosse alcançado o mesmo resultado obtido com uma hora de exposição. Nas amostras que foram submetidas ao tratamento e incubadas, apenas na amostra submetida a 60°C foi possível a observação de um ovo de helminto, que se verificou infértil. Nas demais amostras correspondentes aos outros tratamentos, não foi possível a recuperação de ovos de helmintos nas lâminas observadas. É possível que durante o processo de limpeza para redução de resíduos nas amostras tenha ocorrido perda de material devido à desintegração da matéria orgânica presente. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se chegar à conclusão que, apesar do sistema de desinfecção não ter apresentado os resultados esperados, ele atendeu ao objetivo proposto. O sistema deve ser aprimorado para que se chegue a um modelo em que, possa ser utilizado de maneira segura o aproveitamento de águas residuárias para uso em diversos sistemas de irrigação para a agricultura.The objective of this study was to develop a water disinfection system originated from domestic sewage, which is harnessed the heat generated by the sun, keeping the water their chemical characteristics useful to plants. The experiment was conducted in two stages, in order to verify its viability. The first step was performed in the laboratory, with water samples collected in Piracicamirim brook. Using an automatic temperature regulator, tests were performed in order to verify the reduction in coliform, at temperatures of 45, 50, 55 and 60°C. For the tests of quantification and viability of helminth eggs was made to collect wastewater from the Wastewater Treatment Station (WWTS) Piracicamirim. When found to be the lowest temperature at which happens the greatest reduction in coliform, we used the same automatic temperature regulator and the tests were carried at temperatures 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100°C for a period of 1 hour exposure. The second stage was conducted in the field. A system comprising solar panel to heat the water tank, using principle as the load height difference between the inlet and outlet reservoirs for the water to reach the required temperature has been deployed. In this step, three reservoirs are used. On the 3rd tank was installed a mechanism that allowed the tube to be connected to the box so as to be moved higher or lower, according to the desired temperature. Samples where the objective was to verify the presence and viability of helminth eggs were submitted to the waste separation process which subsequently allowed analysis under the microscope. At the end of experiment was performed to compare the results and it was observed that at temperatures of 55°C and 60°C, the time of one hour was effective to eliminate both total coliforms and Escherichia coli in the samples compared to the sample characterization of the test water. Therefore, tests were conducted by reducing the exposure time of the samples, obtaining as a result a minimum of 15 minutes at a temperature of 60°C time for which achieved the same result was obtained with a one hour exposure. In the samples that were subjected to treatment and incubated, only in the sample treated at 60°C was possible to observe a helminth egg it was found infertile. In the other samples corresponding to other treatments, recovery of helminth eggs in the observed blades was not possible. It is possible that during the cleaning process for waste reduction has occurred in the samples loss of material due to disintegration of the organic matter. Based on these results, we could conclude that despite the disinfection system not producing expected results, he met the objective. The system should be improved in order to arrive at a model that can be used safely harnessing wastewater for use in various irrigation systems for agriculture

Irrigation system with ultra low flow using branched microtubes

With the goal of developing an irrigation system with ultra low flow rate (ULF) of 0.2 L h-1, using microtubes with derivation and operating in a laminar regime, this work began by seeking efficient irrigation and low costs. The experiment consisted of two stages. The first experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the actual diameter of the microtubes and irrigation system design. The second stage of the experiment was conducted in an experimental area, where tests were carried out to obtain the uniformity of water application which was evaluated by the coefficient of uniformity statistic that had an initial value exceeding 90%. The proposed irrigation system had economic advantages for small-scale producers. However, the system evaluated presented problems with accumulation of air and emitters obstruction during the study period, causing a reduction in statistical uniformity. It is therefore necessary to conduct further studies to obtain more conclusive resultsCon el objetivo de desarrollar un sistema de irrigación con ultra baja caudal (UBV) de 0,2 L h-1, utilizando microtubos con derivación y operando en régimen laminar, se inició este trabajo buscando irrigación eficiente y de bajo costo. El experimento se compuso de dos etapas. La primera parte experimental fue conducida en el laboratorio, siendo realizada la determinación del diámetro real de los microtubos y dimensionamiento del sistema de riego. La segunda etapa del experimento fue realizada en una huerta ubicada en el área experimental, donde se realizaron los ensayos para obtener la uniformidad de aplicación de agua a la cual fue evaluada por medio del coeficiente de uniformidad estadística que tuvo valor inicial superior a 90%. El sistema de riego propuesto presentó ventajas económicas para pequeños productores. Sin embargo, el mismo presentó problemas de acumulación de aire y obstrucción de emisores durante el período evaluado, ocasionando la reducción de la uniformidad estadística siendo, por lo tanto, necesaria la realización de más estudios para obtener resultados más concluyente

Sistema de irrigación con flujo ultra bajo utilizando microtubos ramificados

With the goal of developing an irrigation system with ultra low flow rate (ULF) of 0.2 L h-1, using microtubes with derivation and operating in a laminar regime, this work began by seeking efficient irrigation and low costs. The experiment consisted of two stages. The first experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the actual diameter of the microtubes and irrigation system design. The second stage of the experiment was conducted in an experimental area, where tests were carried out to obtain the uniformity of water application which was evaluated by the coefficient of uniformity statistic that had an initial value exceeding 90%. The proposed irrigation system had economic advantages for small-scale producers. However, the system evaluated presented problems with accumulation of air and emitters obstruction during the study period, causing a reduction in statistical uniformity. It is therefore necessary to conduct further studies to obtain more conclusive results.Con el objetivo de desarrollar un sistema de irrigación con ultra baja caudal (UBV) de 0,2 L h-1, utilizando microtubos con derivación y operando en régimen laminar, se inició este trabajo buscando irrigación eficiente y de bajo costo. El experimento se compuso de dos etapas. La primera parte experimental fue conducida en el laboratorio, siendo realizada la determinación del diámetro real de los microtubos y dimensionamiento del sistema de riego. La segunda etapa del experimento fue realizada en una huerta ubicada en el área experimental, donde se realizaron los ensayos para obtener la uniformidad de aplicación de agua a la cual fue evaluada por medio del coeficiente de uniformidad estadística que tuvo valor inicial superior a 90%. El sistema de riego propuesto presentó ventajas económicas para pequeños productores. Sin embargo, el mismo presentó problemas de acumulación de aire y obstrucción de emisores durante el período evaluado, ocasionando la reducción de la uniformidad estadística siendo, por lo tanto, necesaria la realización de más estudios para obtener resultados más concluyentes

Water Availabilities Associated with Natural Phosphate and Triple Superphosphate in Radish Cultivation

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of giant Crimson radish cultivated in a oxisol under phosphate fertilizer sources (natural phosphate, triple superphosphate, natural phosphate + triple superphosphate and control) associated with water availabilities (40, 80 and 120% of the field capacity). Study Design: The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4x3 factorial scheme, with 4 replications (48 units). Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in a greenhouse belonging to the Federal University of Mato Grosso, in the municipality of Rondonópolis (MT). Methodology: The dystrophic Oxisol was used to fill the 1.5 dm3 pots. The irrigation management was in accordance with the methodology of the maximum water retention capacity, by the gravimetric method. Phosphate fertilization was applied before sowing using 265 mg dm-3 phosphorus, varying the source used, triple superphosphate and Bayovar Natural phosphate. After the emergence of the plants, the other nutrients were applied to the soil. The parameters related to vegetative development and after the harvest of radish were evaluated at 20 and 35 days after sowing. Results: The parameters fresh mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the tubercle, dry mass of the aerial part, fresh mass of tubercle and length of tubercle had the highest values with the use of triple superphosphate, and for the field capacities of 80 and 120%. The highest harvest index (1.51) was found for the use of Natural phosphate in the field capacity of 120%. The water consumption by the plants was higher with the use of triple superphosphate and field capacity of 120% (6,425.25 L). The efficiency of water use was better with the application of triple Superphosphate and 40% of the field capacity (0.0547 g mL-1). Conclusion: There was influence of both water availabilities and phosphate fertilization on the studied parameters. Triple superphosphate associated with 80% of the field capacity allowed the best productivity averages for radish

CRESCIMENTO E MARCHA DE ABSORÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES DO MELÃO CANTALOUPE TIPO "HARPER" FERTIRRIGADO COM DOSES DE N E K

The use of fertigation is becoming increasingly and common, which requires a thorough knowledge about the culture being used. Knowing the uptake is an important point, since this will determine how the split will occur. Among the nutrients of greatest importance to the development of crops are nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). The aim of this paper was to determine the uptake and accumulation of nutrients from cantaloupe melon type "Harper" within the conditions of Mossoró - RN, order for the recommended fertilizer application through drip irrigation. The experiment was in randomized blocks with two replications. The treatments were formed by the combination of increasing levels of nitrogen - N (N1 - 5, N2 - 37.78; N3 - 111.65; N4 - 237.65; N5 - 442.05; N6 - 666.41 kg ha-1) and potassium - K2O (K1 - 5; K2 - 82.86; K3 - 195.67; K4 - 364.61; K5 - 574.13; K6 - 827.54 kg ha-1). We assessed the biomass and accumulation of N, P and K in the plant. The dry matter accumulation in the plant was not affected by levels N and K applied by fertigation. The highest rate of absorption of nutrients occurred around 44 days after transplanting, indicating that this is the time when the plant has increased demand for fertilizer application. Nutrient requirements primary for melon followed the order: K> N> P. To N, the highest accumulation was observed in the vegetative parts (leaf + stem) and the P and K, the highest accumulation was observed in the fruit

Risk of adverse outcomes in offspring with RT-PCR confirmed prenatal Zika virus exposure: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 13 cohorts in the Zika Brazilian Cohorts ConsortiumResearch in context

Summary: Background: Knowledge regarding the risks associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in pregnancy has relied on individual studies with relatively small sample sizes and variable risk estimates of adverse outcomes, or on surveillance or routinely collected data. Using data from the Zika Brazilian Cohorts Consortium, this study aims, to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes among offspring of women with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection during pregnancy and to explore heterogeneity between studies. Methods: We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis of the offspring of 1548 pregnant women from 13 studies, using one and two-stage meta-analyses to estimate the absolute risks. Findings: Of the 1548 ZIKV-exposed pregnancies, the risk of miscarriage was 0.9%, while the risk of stillbirth was 0.3%. Among the pregnancies with liveborn children, the risk of prematurity was 10,5%, the risk of low birth weight was 7.7, and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) was 16.2%. For other abnormalities, the absolute risks were: 2.6% for microcephaly at birth or first evaluation, 4.0% for microcephaly at any time during follow-up, 7.9% for neuroimaging abnormalities, 18.7% for functional neurological abnormalities, 4.0% for ophthalmic abnormalities, 6.4% for auditory abnormalities, 0.6% for arthrogryposis, and 1.5% for dysphagia. This risk was similar in all sites studied and in different socioeconomic conditions, indicating that there are not likely to be other factors modifying this association. Interpretation: This study based on prospectively collected data generates the most robust evidence to date on the risks of congenital ZIKV infections over the early life course. Overall, approximately one-third of liveborn children with prenatal ZIKV exposure presented with at least one abnormality compatible with congenital infection, while the risk to present with at least two abnormalities in combination was less than 1.0%. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brazil (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq); Wellcome Trust and the United Kingdom's Department for International Development; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program; Medical Research Council on behalf of the Newton Fund and Wellcome Trust; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Foundation Christophe et Rodolphe Mérieux; Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes); Ministry of Health of Brazil; Brazilian Department of Science and Technology; Foundation of Research Support of the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ); Foundation of Support for Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhão; Evandro Chagas Institute/Brazilian Ministry of Health (Instituto Evandro Chagas/Ministério da Saúde); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Goiás (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás – FAPEG); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS); Foundation to Support Teaching, Research and Assistance at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto); São Paulo State Department of Health (Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo); Support Foundation of Pernambuco Science and Technology (Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco – FACEPE)