Exploatering och hållbara avtal

Då en exploatör vill bygga på egen mark tecknas ofta ett exploateringsavtal i samband med genomförandet av en detaljplan. Sådana avtal har tecknats under en längre tid men sedan första januari 2015 finns termen definierad i PBL. I förarbetena till lagstiftningen diskuteras problem såsom bristande transparens och ett ojämnt avtalsförhållande mellan parterna. I vårt arbete har vi undersökt huruvida lagändringen har fått något genomslag i praktiken, både i avtalen och i verksammas sätt att arbeta. Vi har också undersökt huruvida det i avtalen finns osäkerheter, otydligheter och risker. Arbetet görs utifrån en rättsociologisk metod, dvs. fokus har legat på att undersöka exploateringsavtalens praktiska tillämpning genom att i arbetet analysera 54 exploateringsavtal från kommuner i södra Sverige. Vi har också genomfört intervjuer med fem exploatörer och två kommuner. För att kunna genomföra korrekta analyser av exploateringsavtalen och få en god kvalitet på intervjuerna studerades förarbeten och litteratur på området. I vårt arbete kommer vi fram till att exploateringsavtalen fungerar väl men att de problem som diskuteras ovan ibland ändå återfinns. I våra intervjuer menar verksamma parter att samarbetet mellan parterna fungerar väl men att det finns aspekter som kan behöva förbättras. Att kommunen har en större makt i avtalsförhållandet är ingen revolutionerande upptäckt i och med att vi i Sverige har ett kommunalt planmonopol. Vi har i vårt arbete emellertid analyserat avtal där vi tycker att kommunen har överutnyttjat sin maktposition. Kommunala övertramp får sällan påföljder då exploatörerna vill hålla sig på god fot med kommunen. Tvister om exploateringsavtalens innehåll går sällan till domstol. Den mycket magra rättspraxisen på området gör att parterna kan ha svårt att hävda sin rätt i en diskussion. Bristen på rättspraxis kan kopplas till det som nämns ovan om det ojämna avtalsförhållandet men också till tids- och kostnadsaspekter då tvister är dyra och riskerar därmed att dra ut på tiden. Arbetet har visat på att de nya lagreglerna inte har fått särskilt stort genomslag. Ur exploateringsavtalen är det svårt att utläsa skillnader före och efter laginförandet. Även intervjuobjekten menar att deras sätt att arbeta med exploateringsavtal inte förändrats sedan laginförandet. Vår sammanfattade mening är att exploateringsavtalen har problemområden som kan komma att realiseras i enstaka fall. Det kan tänkas att lagändringen inte ännu fått fullt genomslag i praktiken och att detta är något som sker efter hand som verksamma bekantar sig med lagarna. På detta sätt kan vissa av våra påpekade problemområden försvinna. Vi menar också att andra problemområden kan försvinna med hjälp av relativt små förändringar i tanke- och arbetssätt. Avtalsfriheten är i exploateringsförhållanden väsentlig. Förändringar måste därför göras utan att inskränka denna frihet för att på så sätt få till stånd hållbara avtal.When a private land-owner intends to develop his property a land development agreement is signed between the municipality and the land-owner. Such agreements have been the custom for many years, but since January 1, 2015 new rules regarding land development agreements have been introduced in the Swedish Planning and Building Act. In the investigation for the new law, problems concerning the lack of transparency and the uneven contractual relationship are discussed. In this paper we have tried to determine whether the introduction of the new law has had any effect on the signing of contracts and the work surrounding them. We have also studied whether the land development agreements contain uncertainties, ambiguities and other risks. In our work we have found that the land development agreements accomplish what it is supposed to, but contains a number of the problems mentioned above. In our interviews the private land-owners expresses that the cooperation with the municipality is well functioning but there are areas that needs to be improved. The municipality is the more powerful part in the agreement which of course can be related to the planning monopoly. In spite of this we have found that the municipalities sometimes go beyond what is their right by law. Disputes that arises regarding land development agreements seldom gets tried in legal court. The very few cases regarding land development agreements makes it harder for the involved parts to settle on just terms. Our study also shows that newly introduced rules regarding land development agreements has had little impact on the signing of the agreements. Our interviewees express that they have not changed their ways concerning these agreements. Our conclusion is that land development agreements has problematic areas that might cause issues in the odd case. We think this might have to do with the law still being quite new. We also think some of the problematic areas can be improved upon by making small changes in the way we think and work with land development agreements. It is also important to note that the contractual freedom is very essential. Changes must be done without restricting this freedom in order to generate sustainable agreements

FÖR HJÄRTAT OCH SNILLET - om Kungl. Samhällets emblem

Emblem och sigill har förekommit i Kungl. Samhället från dess tillblivelse på 1770-talet. Minnespenningar och minnesmedaljer var ofta förekommande under akademiens tidigare år för att därefter bli alltmer ovanliga. Under de senaste årtiondena har emblem åter kommit i mer omfattande bruk, i samklang med det övriga samhällets tilltagande intresse av emblem och logotyper. I uppsatsen med tyngdpunkten på de senaste 25 åren beskrivs Kungl. Samhällets emblem, minnesmedalj, ledamotnål och ordförandekedja. De språkvarianter som här förekommer är svenska, latin och runor, men märkligt nog inte engelska

Mathematical models for biomarker calculation of drug-induced liver injury in humans and experimental models based on gadoxetate enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND: Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern when developing new drugs. A promising biomarker for DILI is the hepatic uptake rate of the contrast agent gadoxetate. This rate can be estimated using a novel approach combining magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling. However, previous work has used different mathematical models to describe liver function in humans or rats, and no comparative study has assessed which model is most optimal to use, or focused on possible translatability between the two species. AIMS: Our aim was therefore to do a comparison and assessment of models for DILI biomarker assessment, and to develop a conceptual basis for a translational framework between the species. METHODS AND RESULTS: We first established which of the available pharmacokinetic models to use by identifying the most simple and identifiable model that can describe data from both human and rats. We then developed an extension of this model for how to estimate the effects of a hepatotoxic drug in rats. Finally, we illustrated how such a framework could be useful for drug dosage selection, and how it potentially can be applied in personalized treatments designed to avoid DILI. CONCLUSION: Our analysis provides clear guidelines of which mathematical model to use for model-based assessment of biomarkers for liver function, and it also suggests a hypothetical path to a translational framework for DILI

Prevalence and Function of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in a Community Sample of Adolescents, Using Suggested DSM-5 Criteria for a Potential NSSI Disorder

Previous prevalence rates of non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) in adolescents have varied considerably. In the present cross-sectional study, prevalence rates, characteristics and functions of NSSI were assessed in a large randomized community sample consisting of 3,060 (50.5 % female) Swedish adolescents aged 15–17 years. The suggested criteria for NSSI disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) were used to assess prevalence rates with the aim of arriving at a more precise estimate. Out of the whole sample, 1,088 (35.6 %) adolescents (56.2 % female) reported at least one episode of NSSI during the last year, of which 205 (6.7 %) met suggested DSM-5 criteria for a potential NSSI disorder diagnosis. The NSSI disorder diagnosis was significantly more common in girls (11.1 % vs. 2.3 %, χ2 (1, N=3046) = 94.08, p<0.001, cOR=5.43, 95 % CI [3.73, 7.90]). The NSSI disorder group consisted of significantly more smokers and drug users compared to adolescents with NSSI that did not meet DSM-5 criteria for NSSI disorder, and also differed concerning demographic variables. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on reported functions of NSSI, with the aim of validating Nock and Prinstein’s (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72:885–890, 2004, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114:140–146, 2005) four-factor model on a Swedish community sample, resulting in a close to acceptable fit. A two-factor model (social and automatic reinforcement) resulted in a slightly better fit. The most frequently reported factors were positive and negative automatic reinforcement. A majority of functions were significantly more often reported by girls than boys. The implications of the suggested DSM-5 criteria and reported functions are discussed

Physiologically Realistic and Validated Mathematical Liver Model Revels Hepatobiliary Transfer Rates for Gd-EOB-DTPA Using Human DCE-MRI Data

Objectives: Diffuse liver disease (DLD), such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH) and cirrhosis, is a rapidly growing problem throughout the Westernized world. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on uptake of the hepatocyte-specific contrast agent (CA) Gd-EOB-DTPA, is a promising non-invasive approach for diagnosing DLD. However, to fully utilize the potential of such dynamic measurements for clinical or research purposes, more advanced methods for data analysis are required. Methods: A mathematical model that can be used for such data-analysis was developed. Data was obtained from healthy human subjects using a clinical protocol with high spatial resolution. The model is based on ordinary differential equations and goes beyond local diffusion modeling, taking into account the complete system accessible to the CA. Results: The presented model can describe the data accurately, which was confirmed using chi-square statistics. Furthermore, the model is minimal and identifiable, meaning that all parameters were determined with small degree of uncertainty. The model was also validated using independent data. Conclusions: We have developed a novel approach for determining previously undescribed physiological hepatic parameters in humans, associated with CA transport across the liver. The method has a potential for assessing regional liver function in clinical examinations of patients that are suffering of DLD and compromised hepatic function

Physiologically Realistic and Validated Mathematical Liver Model Revels Hepatobiliary Transfer Rates for Gd-EOB-DTPA Using Human DCE-MRI Data

Objectives: Diffuse liver disease (DLD), such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH) and cirrhosis, is a rapidly growing problem throughout the Westernized world. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on uptake of the hepatocyte-specific contrast agent (CA) Gd-EOB-DTPA, is a promising non-invasive approach for diagnosing DLD. However, to fully utilize the potential of such dynamic measurements for clinical or research purposes, more advanced methods for data analysis are required. Methods: A mathematical model that can be used for such data-analysis was developed. Data was obtained from healthy human subjects using a clinical protocol with high spatial resolution. The model is based on ordinary differential equations and goes beyond local diffusion modeling, taking into account the complete system accessible to the CA. Results: The presented model can describe the data accurately, which was confirmed using chi-square statistics. Furthermore, the model is minimal and identifiable, meaning that all parameters were determined with small degree of uncertainty. The model was also validated using independent data. Conclusions: We have developed a novel approach for determining previously undescribed physiological hepatic parameters in humans, associated with CA transport across the liver. The method has a potential for assessing regional liver function in clinical examinations of patients that are suffering of DLD and compromised hepatic function

Nowcasting (short-term forecasting) of influenza epidemics in local settings, Sweden, 2008–2019

The timing of influenza case incidence during epidemics can differ between regions within nations and states. We conducted a prospective 10-year evaluation (January 2008–February 2019) of a local influenza nowcasting (short-term forecasting) method in 3 urban counties in Sweden with independent public health administrations by using routine health information system data. Detection-of-epidemic-start (detection), peak timing, and peak intensity were nowcasted. Detection displayed satisfactory performance in 2 of the 3 counties for all nonpandemic influenza seasons and in 6 of 9 seasons for the third county. Peak-timing prediction showed satisfactory performance from the influenza season 2011–12 onward. Peak-intensity prediction also was satisfactory for influenza seasons in 2 of the counties but poor in 1 county. Local influenza nowcasting was satisfactory for seasonal influenza in 2 of 3 counties. The less satisfactory performance in 1 of the study counties might be attributable to population mixing with a neighboring metropolitan area

Experimental data description.

<p>Experimental data description.</p

Prediction sensitivity due to volume variations.

<p>The final model, M0, was simulated using variable volume parameter values, and each volume parameter was allowed to differ ±20% from its nominal value, together with the optimal rate parameter values (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095700#pone-0095700-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>). The solid black lines correspond to the predicted liver signal using the nominal values, whereas the dashed lines shows the sensitivity of the predicted liver signal due the volume variations. Each panel corresponds to a specific volume parameter as indicated by the title above it. M0 is most sensitive to variations in the volume parameters corresponding to; EES volume, liver volume and liver EES fraction.</p

Estimation data.

<p>Example of the spatially highly resolved DCE-MRI that was used as estimation data, showing the pre-contrast acquisition (panel A), followed by the post-contrast acquisitions (panels B–G) with a distinct accumulation of the contrast agent in the liver. The dark areas within the liver in the late phases (panels D–G) are mainly blood vessels with drastically lower concentration of contrast agent compared to the accumulated contrast agent in the hepatocytes. This difference can be appreciated quantitatively in panel H, since the increase in signal intensity in the spleen is only due to the CA residing within the blood plasma. The location of the seven different regions of interest placed in the liver are shown throughout the time series (panels A–G, one in each panel), indicated by the red arrow heads. The hepatic artery, with a high initial concentration of contrast, can be seen in panel B (red arrow) as well as the portal vein (blue double arrow). In panel C the spleen (orange open arrow head) is almost isointense with the liver. The efflux of CA in the common bile duct can be seen in panel D (green arrow). Finally, the quantified mean relative change in relaxivity in the ROIs placed in the liver and spleen throughout the examination is shown in panel H, with the vertical bars corresponding to the standard error of the mean.</p