Fertility after photodynamic inactivation of bacteria in extended boar semen

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in semen preservation of breeding animals, especially in the porcine species. Bacteria are a natural component of semen, and their growth should be inhibited to protect sperm fertilizing capacity and the female’s health. In pig breeding, where semen is routinely stored at 17°C in the liquid state, alternatives to conventional antibiotics are urgently needed. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of bacteria is a well-established tool in medicine and the food industry but this technology has not been widely adopted in semen preservation. The specific challenge in this setting is to selectively inactivate bacteria while maintaining sperm integrity and functionality. The aim of this study was to test the principle of PDI in liquid stored boar semen using the photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TMPyP) and a white light LED-setup. In the first step, photophysical experiments comprising singlet oxygen phosphorescence kinetics of TMPyP and determination of the photosensitizer triplet time revealed a sufficiently high production of reactive singlet oxygen in the Androstar Premium semen extender, whereas seminal plasma acted as strong quencher. In vitro experiments with extended boar semen showed that the established PDI protocol preserves sperm motility, membrane integrity, DNA integrity, and mitochondrial activity while efficiently reducing the bacteria below the detection limit. A proof-of-concept insemination study confirmed the in vivo fertility of semen after photodynamic treatment. In conclusion, using the PDI approach, an innovative tool was established that efficiently controls bacteria growth in extended boar and maintains sperm fertility. This could be a promising contribution to the One Health concept with the potential to reduce antimicrobial resistance in animal husbandry.Peer Reviewe

Pré-diluição e congelação de sêmen suíno em água de coco in natura, após três diferentes pré-tratamentos de incubação

Twenty-four ejaculates were collected from five boars for the conventional freezing procedure at the Veterinary School of Hannover (group 1A-1B) and for an extended holding time procedure (group 2A-2B and 3A-3B). The semen were prediluted in two different diluents, coconut water in natura and Merck I medium before freezing (experiment A) and prediluted only with Merck I, but cooling and freezing with coconut water in natura or lactose (experiment B). The semen were arranged into three groups according to the different holding periods before freezing, group 1A-1B (sperm-rich phase, preserved for 4 hours by 15°C), group 2A-2B (sperm-rich phase, preserved for 16 hours by 18°C) and group 3A-3B (total semen, preserved for 16 hours by 18ºC). The quality of the thawed boar spermatozoa was evaluated by subjective motility (SMOT), computerassisted motility (Cell Motion Analyser, Strömberg-Mica - CMOT) and morphology of acrosomal ridges (NAR) after fixation in formol citrate. The acrosomal integrity (NAR) was 65% (group 1A), 71% (group 2A) and 75% (group 3A) for semen prediluted with coconut water and 60% (group 1A), 68% (group 2A) and 68% (group 3A) for semen prediluted with Merck I medium, respectively (experiment A); and 56% (group 1B), 68% (group 2B) and 73% (group 3B) for semen freezing with coconut water diluent, and 60% group 1B), 68% (group 2B and 3B) for semen freezing with lactose (experiment B). Thus, did not differ significantly (pForam utilizados vinte e quatro ejaculados de cinco diferentes cachaços na congelação de sêmen suíno, sendo doze deles pré-diluídos em água de coco in natura e em Merck I, utilizando a lactose como diluidor de refrigeração e de congelação (experimento A) e doze pré-diluídos apenas com Merck I. Após três diferentes pré-tratamentos, a água de coco in natura foi utilizada como diluidor de refrigeração e de congelação, sendo a lactose utilizada como controle (experimento B). Seguiu-se a metodologia convencional de congelação de sêmen desta espécie -Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (grupo 1A-1B) e um novo processo com longo período de equilíbrio (grupos 2A-2B e 3A-3B). A qualidade do sêmen descongelado foi avaliada pela motilidade subjetiva (SMOT), motilidade computadorizada (CMOT) e morfologia das células com borda apical normal (NAR), após fixação em formol citrato. As porcentagens de espermatozóides com NAR foram 65% (grupo 1A), 71% (grupo 2A) e 75% (grupo 3A) para o sêmen pré-diluído em água de coco e 60% (grupo 1A), 68% (grupo 2A) e 68% (grupo 3A) para aquele pré-diluído com Merck I (experimento A); e 56% (grupo 1B), 68% (grupo 2B) e 73% (grupo 3B) para o sêmen congelado em água de coco e 60% (grupo 1B), 68% (grupo 2B e 3B) para o sêmen congelado em lactose (experimento B). Não havendo, portanto, diferença estatística entre os dois pré-diluentes e os dois diluentes de refrigeração e de congelação (p<0,05). Concluiu-se, portanto, que 1) os pré-tratamentos com longo período de equilíbrio têm melhor efeito na proteção do acrossoma do espermatozóide suíno e para manter a motilidade espermática e 2) a água de coco como pré-diluente e diluente para refrigeração e de congelação é semelhante ao Merck I (experimento A) e a lactose (experimento B), sendo portanto indicado para pré-diluir e congelar sêmen suíno

Pré-diluição e congelação de sêmen suíno em água de coco in natura, após três diferentes pré-tratamentos de incubação

Twenty-four ejaculates were collected from five boars for the conventional freezing procedure at the Veterinary School of Hannover (group 1A-1B) and for an extended holding time procedure (group 2A-2B and 3A-3B). The semen were prediluted in two different diluents, coconut water in natura and Merck I medium before freezing (experiment A) and prediluted only with Merck I, but cooling and freezing with coconut water in natura or lactose (experiment B). The semen were arranged into three groups according to the different holding periods before freezing, group 1A-1B (sperm-rich phase, preserved for 4 hours by 15°C), group 2A-2B (sperm-rich phase, preserved for 16 hours by 18°C) and group 3A-3B (total semen, preserved for 16 hours by 18ºC). The quality of the thawed boar spermatozoa was evaluated by subjective motility (SMOT), computerassisted motility (Cell Motion Analyser, Strömberg-Mica - CMOT) and morphology of acrosomal ridges (NAR) after fixation in formol citrate. The acrosomal integrity (NAR) was 65% (group 1A), 71% (group 2A) and 75% (group 3A) for semen prediluted with coconut water and 60% (group 1A), 68% (group 2A) and 68% (group 3A) for semen prediluted with Merck I medium, respectively (experiment A); and 56% (group 1B), 68% (group 2B) and 73% (group 3B) for semen freezing with coconut water diluent, and 60% group 1B), 68% (group 2B and 3B) for semen freezing with lactose (experiment B). Thus, did not differ significantly (pForam utilizados vinte e quatro ejaculados de cinco diferentes cachaços na congelação de sêmen suíno, sendo doze deles pré-diluídos em água de coco in natura e em Merck I, utilizando a lactose como diluidor de refrigeração e de congelação (experimento A) e doze pré-diluídos apenas com Merck I. Após três diferentes pré-tratamentos, a água de coco in natura foi utilizada como diluidor de refrigeração e de congelação, sendo a lactose utilizada como controle (experimento B). Seguiu-se a metodologia convencional de congelação de sêmen desta espécie -Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (grupo 1A-1B) e um novo processo com longo período de equilíbrio (grupos 2A-2B e 3A-3B). A qualidade do sêmen descongelado foi avaliada pela motilidade subjetiva (SMOT), motilidade computadorizada (CMOT) e morfologia das células com borda apical normal (NAR), após fixação em formol citrato. As porcentagens de espermatozóides com NAR foram 65% (grupo 1A), 71% (grupo 2A) e 75% (grupo 3A) para o sêmen pré-diluído em água de coco e 60% (grupo 1A), 68% (grupo 2A) e 68% (grupo 3A) para aquele pré-diluído com Merck I (experimento A); e 56% (grupo 1B), 68% (grupo 2B) e 73% (grupo 3B) para o sêmen congelado em água de coco e 60% (grupo 1B), 68% (grupo 2B e 3B) para o sêmen congelado em lactose (experimento B). Não havendo, portanto, diferença estatística entre os dois pré-diluentes e os dois diluentes de refrigeração e de congelação (p<0,05). Concluiu-se, portanto, que 1) os pré-tratamentos com longo período de equilíbrio têm melhor efeito na proteção do acrossoma do espermatozóide suíno e para manter a motilidade espermática e 2) a água de coco como pré-diluente e diluente para refrigeração e de congelação é semelhante ao Merck I (experimento A) e a lactose (experimento B), sendo portanto indicado para pré-diluir e congelar sêmen suíno

In vitro performance and in vivo fertility of antibiotic-free preserved boar semen stored at 5 °C

Background: Hypothermic preservation of boar semen is considered a potential method for omitting antibiotics from insemination doses, thereby contributing to the global antibiotic resistance defence strategy. The main challenges are chilling injury to spermatozoa and bacterial growth during semen storage leading to reduced fertility. Objectives: To examine chilling injury and the number and type of bacteria in boar semen stored at 5 °C in the absence of antibiotics, and to assess the applicability of hypothermic semen storage under field conditions. Material and methods: Boar ejaculates were extended with AndroStar® Premium, stored at 17 °C with and at 5 °C without antibiotics and tested for functional sperm parameters by flow cytometry. Raw semen and extended samples were investigated bacteriologically. Fertility was evaluated after once-daily inseminations of 194 sows in a field study. Results: Lethal sperm damage assessed by motility and membrane integrity was low throughout storage in both experimental groups. Sublethal chilling effects based on the decrease of viable spermatozoa with low membrane fluidity were higher (P 0.05) between sow groups inseminated with semen stored antibiotic-free at 5 °C and semen stored at 17 °C with antibiotics. Conclusion: Despite subtle chilling effects and low bacterial numbers, antibiotic-free hypothermic storage of boar semen offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics in pig insemination. However, strict sanitary guidelines must be maintained and further evidence of efficiency under field conditions is considered desirable

Physiological routes from intra-uterine seminal contents to advancement of ovulation

Whole boar semen or seminal plasma has been demonstrated to advance the time of ovulation in gilts. As a means of clarifying this influence, the contribution of uterine lymphatics and their white cell populations has been examined. After duct visualisation with Evan's blue, lymph was sampled from a mesometrial vessel in eight pre-ovulatory gilts whose uterine lumen was infused simultaneously with whole semen in one ligated horn and saline in the contralateral ligated horn. Lymph was collected from cannulated vessels for periods of up to four hours under general anaesthesia. Thereafter, mesometrial lymph nodes, utero-tubal junction and uterine wall tissues were sampled. The proportion of nucleated cells in the sampled lymph increased towards the end of the collection period, but erythrocytes were found in all instances preventing a meaningful differentiation and identification of leukocytes. Prominent uterine lymph nodes were present in the mesometrium on both sides of the reproductive tract in 7 of 10 gilts. Differences in cellular contents were demonstrated between the side of the tract infused with semen and that infused with saline control. Two of 4 gilts had lower values for CD4 (Cluster Differentiation) and 3 of 6 gilts higher values for MHC II (Major Histocompatibility Complex) markers on the side challenged with semen. In contrast, values remained constant for CD8 but ranged widely for CD18. Immunohistochemical analysis of uterine tissue samples for MHC II+ cells revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the control and semen-treated ligated portions of the horns, as well as between the tissue sample of uterine wall and that from the utero-tubal junction, but there were no significant differences for CD4+ cells. It therefore remains plausible that semen-induced cytokines in the uterine lymph undergo counter-current transfer to the ipsilateral ovary and accelerate the final maturation of pre-ovulatory Graafian follicles

Compensability of Enhanced Cytoplasmic Droplet Rates in Boar Semen: Insights of a Retrospective Field Study

Retained cytoplasmic droplets (CD) provide the most abundant sperm abnormality in boar and reduce fertility. It is still unclear as to whether high CD rates in semen portions are compensable. The aim was to explore the impact of CD in relation to quantitative and qualitative sperm traits on fertility performance of sows. Retrospective data analysis of 1497 inseminations was performed. Ejaculates (n = 260) were assigned to three groups with low (9/mL). Membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity did not differ between the groups. Breakpoint analysis indicated a shift towards lower litter sizes when the CD rate exceeded 11%. Group comparisons revealed no difference in litter size (p = 0.205), together with a slightly higher farrowing rate in the high CD group (p p p < 0.001). In conclusion, an increased prevalence of CD in boar semen is compensable by high tolerance against temperature stress, whereas sperm numbers per dose are less relevant

A High Incidence of Sperm with Cytoplasmic Droplets Affects the Response to Bicarbonate in Preserved Boar Semen

Retained cytoplasmic droplets (CD) are the most frequent sperm abnormality in boar semen. A high incidence of CD is associated with subfertility, but the underlaying reasons are not well understood. The storage of extended semen might augment the adverse effects of CD on essential steps towards fertilization, such as capacitation. The aim of this study was to examine whether the enhanced presence of CD in boar semen influences sperm’s response to the capacitation stimulus bicarbonate during long-term semen storage. Extended semen samples (n = 78) from 13 artificial insemination centers were analyzed using a flow cytometric calcium influx assay. Samples with &gt;15% of CD showed a reduced specific response to bicarbonate and a higher non-specific destabilization after storage for 96 h and subsequent incubation at 38 °C in three variants of Tyrode’s medium (p &lt; 0.05). The size of the bicarbonate-responsive sperm population was inversely correlated with the presence of CD-bearing sperm (r = −0.61, p &lt; 0.01). Samples with ≤15% and samples with &gt;15% of CD did not differ in motility or viability and acrosome integrity during semen storage. In conclusion, incomplete epididymal sperm maturation impairs the in vitro capacitation ability and promotes sperm destabilization in stored boar semen

Hypotherme Konservierung von Ebersperma bei 5°C : Ein Praxisversuch

Hypothermic preservation of boar semen at 5°C instead of 17°C is a new approach to reduce antibiotics in semen doses. For practical use, information on the potentially boar-individual response to semen chilling and in vivo fertility is decisive. The aim was to assess sperm quality after long-term storage at 5°C in four consecutive ejaculates of 20 boars and to test for fertility in a pretrial prior to a large-scale field study. In samples stored at 5°C in Androstar Premium and ana-lysed at 24, 72, 96 and 144 h, overall motility assessed with computer- assisted semen analysis was 79.9% compared to 81.1% in controls stored at 17°C in Beltsville Thawing Solution. Two boars had lower sperm motility in 5°C samples compared to controls (p .05) between the storage groups showing 6.5% defects at 5°C and 7.1% in control samples at 144 h. Insemination with pooled semen of three boars stored split sample at 5°C (n = 89 sows) and 17°C (n = 91 sows) yielded high fertility. There were no differences (p > .05) in farrowing rate (5°C: 92.1%; 17°C: 92.3%) and average number of born piglets (5°C: 18.7 ± 3.6; 17°C: 18.5 ± 2.8). In conclusion, sperm quality in samples stored at 5°C was maintained in all boars above thresholds for useable semen as defined by the German Livestock Association (BRS e.V.). First field data with 5°C-boar semen in Europe indicate that hypothermic stor-age is applicable in routine insemination

Antimicrobially Active Semen Extenders Allow the Reduction of Antibiotic Use in Pig Insemination

Antibiotic use in semen extenders for livestock may contribute to the development and spreading of multi-drug resistance. Antimicrobial control in semen doses for artificial insemination of pigs is indispensable due to the relatively high storage temperature (17 °C). The objectives of this study were first, to examine whether the antimicrobial capacity differs between antibiotic-free extenders and second, to determine whether an antimicrobial active extender provides the possibility to reduce antibiotics. Antibiotic-free semen extenders Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and Androstar Premium were inoculated at 103 to 104 CFU/mL with four pure bacterial strains isolated from boar ejaculates or a mixture thereof, and then stored for 144 h at 17 °C. Bacterial counts after aerobic culture decreased in BTS up to one log level and decreased in Androstar Premium by 2 to 3.5 log levels (p &lt; 0.05). In semen samples from nine boars stored in the inoculated Androstar Premium extender containing half of the standard concentration of gentamicin, bacteria counts were below 101 CFU/mL. Likewise, half of the standard dose of apramycin and ampicillin was fully antimicrobially active and sperm quality was maintained. In conclusion, semen extenders with intrinsic antimicrobial activity allow a reduction in antibiotic use in pig insemination

Energy metabolic state in hypothermically stored boar spermatozoa using a revised protocol for efficient ATP extraction

Mammalian spermatozoa utilize ATP as the energy source for key functions on the route to fertilization. ATP and its precursor nucleotides ADP and AMP are determined in many sperm physiology studies, mostly by bioluminescence assays. Assay results vary widely, mainly due to different efficiency in nucleotide extraction and prevention of their enzymatic degradation. Here, we describe a revised, validated protocol for efficient phosphatase inhibition and adenine nucleotide extraction resulting in consistently high ATP concentrations exceeding previously reported values for boar spermatozoa up to twenty-fold. The revised assay is applicable for determining ATP concentrations and adenylate energy charge in extracts from fresh and frozen samples, thereby allowing simultaneous assessment of semen samples from long-term storage experiments. After validation, the assay was applied to liquid preserved boar spermatozoa stored at 17°C and 5°C for 24 and 72h. Cooling to 5°C, but not storage duration, reduced ATP concentration in spermatozoa (P<0.05), which was accompanied by the appearance of AMP and ADP in the preservation medium. ATP and energy charge were highly correlated to the proportion of membrane intact spermatozoa supporting the idea of nucleotides leaking through disrupted membranes in cold-shocked cells. The present assay allows highly standardized studies of energy metabolism in spermatozoa