Characterising policy responses to complex socio-ecological problems: 60 fire management interventions in Indonesian peatlands

© 2019 Governance of complex socio-ecological problems such as climate change, deforestation, and chronic wildfires is becoming “messier”. Theory and case study evidence suggest that “messy” institutional characteristics like non- government involvement and multi-level decision-making can improve social and environmental outcomes. However, these characteristics still lack systematic documentation, and there have been few efforts to systematically characterize and compare the interventions associated with them. We examined 60 fire management interventions (FMI) undertaken between 1999 and 2016 in response to Indonesia's disastrous peatland fires. We documented their institutional characteristics (i.e., lead sector, multi-level character) and compared their design across institutional types, focusing on design attributes associated with performance such as targeting to high-risk soil types, landholders, and time periods, and the use and design of incentives. We found gaps between scientific recommendations and practice when it came to intervention targeting. However, industry FMI were more likely to employ nuanced targeting among landholders. Government, industry, and civil society adopted differing intervention strategies, including notable differences in the design of incentives. These findings provide the groundwork for research comparing intervention outcomes between institutional types. They also highlight the need for further stock-taking to inform research in these areas.UK Department for International Development (Dfid) project: The Political Economy of Fire and Haze in Indonesia (No. 203034) and the Frank Jackson Foundation

Perceptions across scales of governance and the Indonesian peatland fires

Across leading environmental challenges—fire management, climate change, deforestation – there is growing awareness of the need to better account for diverse stakeholder perceptions across complex, multi-level governance arrangements. Perceptions often condition behavior, compliance and engagement in ways that impact environmental outcomes. We illustrate the importance of, and approaches to, examining perceptions across scales of governance (e.g. international, national, local) and sectors (e.g. civil society, government, corporate) through the example of Indonesian peatland fires. Peatlands are crucial global carbon stocks threatened by land use change and fire and subject to a range of policy interventions that affect many different stakeholder groups. Peatland drainage and conversion to plantation agriculture has been associated with severe, uncontrolled peat fires that present significant climate, public health and economic risks. Peatland fire management has become a domestic and international priority, spurring intensely contentious debates, policies and legal proceedings. Previous fire management interventions (FMI) are numerous yet have suffered widespread implementation failures. Against this backdrop, our manuscript provides a thematically and methodologically novel analysis of how diverse stakeholders, from local farmers to international policy makers, perceive peatland fires in terms of, i) how they prioritize the associated benefits and burdens, and ii) the perceived effectiveness of FMI. We adopt an innovative application of Q method to provide needed insights that serve to quantify the areas of contention and consensus that exist among the stakeholders and their multi-dimensional perspectives. We show that many of the contemporary FMI were perceived as among the most effective interventions overall, but were also the most controversial between groups. Clear consensus areas were related to the shared concerns for the local health impacts and the potential of government support for fire-free alternatives as a solution pathway. Improved understanding of stakeholder perceptions has potential to: give voice to marginalized communities; enable transparent mediation of diverse priorities; inform public education campaigns, and shape future policy and governance arrangements

Experts and resource users split over solutions to peatland fires

We provide empirical evidence that supports a commonly-held assumption: that experts’ appraisals of policy options are often very distinct from those of resource users most affected by those policy choices. We analyse perspectives about 40 policy options to address peatland fires in Indonesia, using a Q methodology approach to rank the options according to perceived effectiveness. Peatland fires in Indonesia are a long-standing and complex social-ecological challenge, where unsolved disagreements about policy options have profound implications for environmental governance, resulting in fires recurring and causing significant CO2 emissions and transboundary haze that affects the health of millions. We collected data from 219 respondents, covering twelve stakeholder categories, including small and large landholders, industrial farmers, scientists, local leaders and government officials. We identified the most representative response from each stakeholder category, and used hierarchical cluster analysis to explore the closeness/distance in perspectives among categories. The results show a particularly noticeable distinction between two broad groups, which we labelled as experts and resource users. Experts tend to prefer solutions that are centralised and largely transformative, whereas resource users favour more localised measures that are more compatible with business-as-usual. We discuss possible reasons for these differences, and their implications for environmental governance, including for how scientists engage in policy

Pengaruh ROE, CR, TATO, NPM terhadap Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Customer Goods yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah Return on Equity (ROE), Current Ratio (CR), Total Assets Turnover (TATO), Net Profit Margin (NPM) memiliki pengaruh terhadap harga saham pada Perusahaan manufaktur sub customer goods yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Jurnal ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, yang memakai data dari 43 Perusahaan manufaktur sub customer goods yang tecatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Metode sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling dan diperoleh sebanyak 19 sampel. Data yang digunkaan adalah laporan keuangan dari masing-masing Perusahaan sampel yang dipublikasikan melalui situs www.idx.co.id. Adapun variabel yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini adalah Return on Equity (ROE), Current Ratio (CR), Total Assets Turnover (TATO), dan Net Profit Margin (NPM). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode uji asumsi klasik dan metode analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial ROE tidak signifikan dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap harga saham, CR tidak signifikan dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap harga saham, TATO tidak signifikan dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap harga saham, TATO tidak signifikan dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap harga saham, serta NPM juga tidak signifikan dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap harga saham pada Perusahaan sub customer goods yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia