1,985 research outputs found
End-to-end optimization of coherent optical communications over the split-step Fourier method guided by the nonlinear Fourier transform theory
Optimizing modulation and detection strategies for a given channel is
critical to maximize the throughput of a communication system. Such an
optimization can be easily carried out analytically for channels that admit
closed-form analytical models. However, this task becomes extremely challenging
for nonlinear dispersive channels such as the optical fiber. End-to-end
optimization through autoencoders (AEs) can be applied to define
symbol-to-waveform (modulation) and waveform-to-symbol (detection) mappings,
but so far it has been mainly shown for systems relying on approximate channel
models. Here, for the first time, we propose an AE scheme applied to the full
optical channel described by the nonlinear Schr\{"o}dinger equation (NLSE).
Transmitter and receiver are jointly optimized through the split-step Fourier
method (SSFM) which accurately models an optical fiber. In this first numerical
analysis, the detection is performed by a neural network (NN), whereas the
symbol-to-waveform mapping is aided by the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT)
theory in order to simplify and guide the optimization on the modulation side.
This proof-of-concept AE scheme is thus benchmarked against a standard
NFT-based system and a threefold increase in achievable distance (from 2000 to
6640 km) is demonstrated
Oxidative Coupling of Methane for Ethylene Production: Reviewing Kinetic Modelling Approaches, Thermodynamics and Catalysts
Ethylene production via oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) represents an interesting route for natural gas upscaling, being the focus of intensive research worldwide. Here, OCM developments are analysed in terms of kinetic mechanisms and respective applications in chemical reactor models, discussing current challenges and directions for further developments. Furthermore, some thermodynamic aspects of the OCM reactions are also revised, providing achievable olefins yields in a wide range of operational reaction conditions. Finally, OCM catalysts are reviewed in terms of respective catalytic performances and thermal stability, providing an executive summary for future studies on OCM economic feasibility
Perspectives of Long-Haul WDM Transmission Systems Based on Phase-Insensitive Fiber-Optic Parametric Amplifiers
International audienceThe deployment of phase-insensitive fiber-optic parametric amplifiers (PI-FOPAs) as inline amplifiers in long-haul WDM transmission systems is discussed, and it is outlined how to design PI-FOPAs to be a valuable upgrade option for this application
Low-penalty up to 16-QAM wavelength conversion in a low loss CMOS compatible spiral waveguide
Wavelength Conversion of QPSK and 16-QAM Coherent Signals in a CMOS Compatible Spiral Waveguide
<p>
We characterize a wavelength converter based on a 50-cm long low-loss spiral Hydex waveguide. A 10-nm FWM bandwidth is shown over which low OSNR penalty (< 0.5dB) wavelength conversion of QPSK and 16-QAM is reported. © OSA 2016.</p
Wavelength conversion of QAM signals in a low loss CMOS compatible spiral waveguide
We demonstrate wavelength conversion of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
signals,
including 32-GBd quadrature phase-shift keying and 10-GBd 16-QAM, in a 50-cm long high
index doped
glass spiral
waveguide. The quality of the generated idlers for up to 20 nm of
wavelength shift is sufficient to achieve a BER performance below the hard decision
forward error correction threshold BER performance (<3.8 Ă— 103), with an
optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty of less than 0.3 dB compared to the original
signal.
Our results confirm that this is a promising platform for nonlinear
optical signal
processing, as a result of both very low linear propagation loss
(<0.07 dB/cm) and a large material bandgap, which in turn ensures negligible
nonlinear loss
at telecom
wavelengths
Experimental Demonstration of 6-Mode Division Multiplexed NG-PON2: Cost Effective 40 Gbit/s/Spatial-Mode Access Based on 3D Laser Inscribed Photonic Lanterns
We report the first space-division-multiplexed based symmetric NG-PON2 network by efficiently transmitting 40 Gbit/s/spatial-mode. Error free transmission (BER of 10-9) is obtained for all the downstream and upstream data tributaries over 1-km 6-spatial-mode FMF without using MIMO DSP
Nanocellulose/fullerene hybrid films assembled at the air/water interface as promising functional materials for photo-electrocatalysis
Cellulose nanomaterials have been widely investigated in the last decade, unveiling attractive properties for emerging applications. The ability of sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to guide the supramolecular organization of amphiphilic fullerene derivatives at the air/water interface has been recently highlighted. Here, we further investigated the assembly of Langmuir hybrid films that are based on the electrostatic interaction between cationic fulleropyrrolidines deposited at the air/water interface and anionic CNCs dispersed in the subphase, assessing the influence of additional negatively charged species that are dissolved in the water phase. By means of isotherm acquisition and spectroscopic measurements, we demonstrated that a tetra-sulfonated porphyrin, which was introduced in the subphase as anionic competitor, strongly inhibited the binding of CNCs to the floating fullerene layer. Nevertheless, despite the strong inhibition by anionic molecules, the mutual interaction between fulleropyrrolidines at the interface and the CNCs led to the assembly of robust hybrid films, which could be efficiently transferred onto solid substrates. Interestingly, ITO-electrodes that were modified with five-layer hybrid films exhibited enhanced electrical capacitance and produced anodic photocurrents at 0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl, whose intensity (230 nA/cm2) proved to be four times higher than the one that was observed with the sole fullerene derivative (60 nA/cm2)
Enrichment of Pachytene Spermatocytes and Spermatids from Mouse Testes Using Standard Laboratory Equipment
To characterize each step of spermatogenesis, researchers must separate different subpopulations of germ cells from testes. However, isolating discrete populations is challenging, because the adult testis contains a complex mix of germ cells from all steps of spermatogenesis along with certain populations of somatic cells. Over the past few decades, different techniques such as centrifugal elutriation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and STA-PUT have been successfully applied to the isolation of germ cells. A drawback is that they all require dedicated devices and specialized training. Following principles underlying the STA-PUT method, a simple protocol has been developed for the isolation of pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids from mouse testes. After preparing a single cell suspension of testicular cells, specific cell populations are enriched by gravity sedimentation through a discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient. The cell fractions are then manually collected and microscopically analysed. This modified density gradient for round spermatids (MDR) sedimentation protocol can be widely applied, because it requires only standard laboratory equipment. Furthermore, the protocol requires minimal starting materials, reducing its cost and use of laboratory animals
Fullerene: biomedical engineers get to revisit an old friend
YesIn 1985, the serendipitous discovery of fullerene triggered the research of carbon structures into the
world of symmetric nanomaterials. Consequently, Robert F. Curl, Harold W. Kroto and Richard E.
Smalley were awarded the Noble prize in chemistry for their discovery of the buckminsterfullerene
(C60 with a cage-like fused-ring structure). Fullerene, as the first symmetric nanostructure in carbon
nanomaterials family, opened up new perspectives in nanomaterials field leading to discovery and
research on other symmetric carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional
graphene which put fullerenes in the shade, while fullerene as the most symmetrical molecule in the
world with incredible properties deserves more attention in nanomaterials studies. Buckyball with its
unique structure consisting of sp2 carbons which form a high symmetric cage with different sizes
(C60, C70 and so on); however, the most abundant among them is C60 which possesses 60 carbon atoms.
The combination of unique properties of this molecule extends its applications in divergent areas of
science, especially those related to biomedical engineering. This review aims to be a comprehensive
review with a broad interest to the biomedical engineering community, being a substantial overview of
the most recent advances on fullerenes in biomedical applications that have not been exhaustively and
critically reviewed in the past few years
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