Ruptures dans l’histoire des États. Discontinuité dans l'historiographie chez Machiavel

« À diriger le jeu de la bande, il y a toujours les hommes légers, charlatans et vains, prêts à jouir de l’image presque grotesque d’une humanité de foire, et prêts à faire l’expérience, dans le réseau des accidents et des intrigues, de la déroute de l’intelligence, de l’acuité de l’observation ». E. Raimondi S’il est bien vrai que mon projet annoncé est celui de parler des ruptures chez Machiavel, ce projet doit certainement, et d’abord, donner lieu à des mises en perspectives à l’intérieur ..

The prognosis of allocentric and egocentric neglect : evidence from clinical scans

We contrasted the neuroanatomical substrates of sub-acute and chronic visuospatial deficits associated with different aspects of unilateral neglect using computed tomography scans acquired as part of routine clinical diagnosis. Voxel-wise statistical analyses were conducted on a group of 160 stroke patients scanned at a sub-acute stage. Lesion-deficit relationships were assessed across the whole brain, separately for grey and white matter. We assessed lesions that were associated with behavioural performance (i) at a sub-acute stage (within 3 months of the stroke) and (ii) at a chronic stage (after 9 months post stroke). Allocentric and egocentric neglect symptoms at the sub-acute stage were associated with lesions to dissociated regions within the frontal lobe, amongst other regions. However the frontal lesions were not associated with neglect at the chronic stage. On the other hand, lesions in the angular gyrus were associated with persistent allocentric neglect. In contrast, lesions within the superior temporal gyrus extending into the supramarginal gyrus, as well as lesions within the basal ganglia and insula, were associated with persistent egocentric neglect. Damage within the temporo-parietal junction was associated with both types of neglect at the sub-acute stage and 9 months later. Furthermore, white matter disconnections resulting from damage along the superior longitudinal fasciculus were associated with both types of neglect and critically related to both sub-acute and chronic deficits. Finally, there was a significant difference in the lesion volume between patients who recovered from neglect and patients with chronic deficits. The findings presented provide evidence that (i) the lesion location and lesion size can be used to successfully predict the outcome of neglect based on clinical CT scans, (ii) lesion location alone can serve as a critical predictor for persistent neglect symptoms, (iii) wide spread lesions are associated with neglect symptoms at the sub-acute stage but only some of these are critical for predicting whether neglect will become a chronic disorder and (iv) the severity of behavioural symptoms can be a useful predictor of recovery in the absence of neuroimaging findings on clinical scans. We discuss the implications for understanding the symptoms of the neglect syndrome, the recovery of function and the use of clinical scans to predict outcome

Episodic Memory in Detoxified Alcoholics: Contribution of Grey Matter Microstructure Alteration

Even though uncomplicated alcoholics may likely have episodic memory deficits, discrepancies exist regarding to the integrity of brain regions that underlie this function in healthy subjects. Possible relationships between episodic memory and 1) brain microstructure assessed by magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 2) brain volumes assessed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) were investigated in uncomplicated, detoxified alcoholics

Axe eAtlasudoe: penetration d’internet dans les foyers une analyse comparative des régions d’Aragon, de Lisbonne et de Midi-Pyrénées

En 2004, la moitié des européens affirment avoir utilisé Internet. Les moins de 24 ans semblent être les plus adeptes, avec 75% d’entre eux qui naviguent régulièrement plus ou moin sur la toile. En 2005, environ un foyer européen sur deux possède une connexion Internet. Au cours des vingt dernières années, l’informatique et l’Internet ont bouleversé l’économie, la recherche scientifique et l’administration au niveau mondial. Les réseaux informatiques maillent progressivement l’ensemble des territoires. Les politiques publiques centrées sur la Société de l’Information ont un rôle à jouer dans ce domaine. Les TIC représentent un des moyens de lutter contre l’exclusion sociale. Afin de mieux observer la diffusion des nouvelles technologies, le programme européen eAtlasudoe a pour objectif de transmettre aux chercheurs et aux acteurs publics des informations sur l’évolution des usages des TIC. Une équipe, formée de trois universités et de trois observatoires régionaux, a choisi de constituer une communauté de travail pour rendre compte de l’émergence de la Société de l’Information sur les territoires du Sud-Ouest européen. Les membres du projet sont répartis sur trois territoires : - Midi-Pyrénées, en France - Aragon, en EspagneRégion de Lisbonne, au Portugal1 Un des enjeux du partenariat est d’analyser les différenciations territoriales afin de déceler « les bonnes pratiques », les points positifs de ces trois régions dans le domaine des TIC, et les freins des non-utilisateurs. Parmi six axes de travail étudiés par l’ensemble des partenaires, les observatoires se sont engagés à mettre en commun des indicateurs sur un thème précis : la pénétration d’Internet au sein des foyers. Cet axe vise à s’interroger sur l’évolution des usages Internet des ménages, la connexion haut débit, etc. En terme de méthodologie, des interrogations restent en suspend, notamment concernant la structure de l’échantillon, le panel : qu’entend-on par foyers ? Interroge t’on un foyer au complet ou un individu au sein d’un foyer ? Ce dossier rassemble le travail qui a été réalisé sur les TIC dans les foyers par les trois observatoires régionaux. En première partie, nous découvrirons un panorama général sur l’utilisation d’Internet au niveau européen et national. La seconde partie concerne l’étude réalisée par le biais du partenariat eAtlasudoe, rassemblant des données chiffrées des trois territoires.N/

Vocal Accuracy and Neural Plasticity Following Micromelody-Discrimination Training

Recent behavioral studies report correlational evidence to suggest that non-musicians with good pitch discrimination sing more accurately than those with poorer auditory skills. However, other studies have reported a dissociation between perceptual and vocal production skills. In order to elucidate the relationship between auditory discrimination skills and vocal accuracy, we administered an auditory-discrimination training paradigm to a group of non-musicians to determine whether training-enhanced auditory discrimination would specifically result in improved vocal accuracy.We utilized micromelodies (i.e., melodies with seven different interval scales, each smaller than a semitone) as the main stimuli for auditory discrimination training and testing, and we used single-note and melodic singing tasks to assess vocal accuracy in two groups of non-musicians (experimental and control). To determine if any training-induced improvements in vocal accuracy would be accompanied by related modulations in cortical activity during singing, the experimental group of non-musicians also performed the singing tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Following training, the experimental group exhibited significant enhancements in micromelody discrimination compared to controls. However, we did not observe a correlated improvement in vocal accuracy during single-note or melodic singing, nor did we detect any training-induced changes in activity within brain regions associated with singing.Given the observations from our auditory training regimen, we therefore conclude that perceptual discrimination training alone is not sufficient to improve vocal accuracy in non-musicians, supporting the suggested dissociation between auditory perception and vocal production

Reduction in Inter-Hemispheric Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness

Clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness (DOC) caused by brain injury poses great challenges since patients are often behaviorally unresponsive. A promising new approach towards objective DOC diagnosis may be offered by the analysis of ultra-slow (<0.1 Hz) spontaneous brain activity fluctuations measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the resting-state. Previous work has shown reduced functional connectivity within the “default network”, a subset of regions known to be deactivated during engaging tasks, which correlated with the degree of consciousness impairment. However, it remains unclear whether the breakdown of connectivity is restricted to the “default network”, and to what degree changes in functional connectivity can be observed at the single subject level. Here, we analyzed resting-state inter-hemispheric connectivity in three homotopic regions of interest, which could reliably be identified based on distinct anatomical landmarks, and were part of the “Extrinsic” (externally oriented, task positive) network (pre- and postcentral gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus). Resting-state fMRI data were acquired for a group of 11 healthy subjects and 8 DOC patients. At the group level, our results indicate decreased inter-hemispheric functional connectivity in subjects with impaired awareness as compared to subjects with intact awareness. Individual connectivity scores significantly correlated with the degree of consciousness. Furthermore, a single-case statistic indicated a significant deviation from the healthy sample in 5/8 patients. Importantly, of the three patients whose connectivity indices were comparable to the healthy sample, one was diagnosed as locked-in. Taken together, our results further highlight the clinical potential of resting-state connectivity analysis and might guide the way towards a connectivity measure complementing existing DOC diagnosis

Lugares de Acceso Publico à Internet: una comparación entre las Regiones de Aragón, de Lisboa Y Valle del Tajo e de Midi-Pyrénées

Disponíveis versões do relatório em Espanhol e FrancêsO presente eixo de análise tem como principal objectivo avaliar a importância das políticas destinadas à implementação de postos públicos de acesso à Internet nas três regiões em estudo, nomeadamente avaliando a sua importância ao nível dos utilizadores. O trabalho que a seguir se apresenta está estruturado em 4 partes. Na primeira parte apresentam-se e comparam-se os conceitos de “posto público de acesso à internet” considerados na análise das três regiões. Na segunda parte, é feita uma análise comparativa das políticas desenvolvidas nos três países e regiões neste domínio. A terceira parte desenvolve-se com base num inquérito realizado aos utilizadores destes espaços nas regiões de Lisboa e Vale do tejo e de Midi-Pyrénées. Na quarta parte são apresentadas as principais conclusões.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Le catharisme en Languedoc au début du XIVe siècle

Duvernoy Jean. Le catharisme en Languedoc au début du XIVe siècle. In: Effacement du catharisme. Toulouse : Éditions Privat, 1985. pp. 27-56. (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 20

Benoît XII et le pays de Foix

Duvernoy Jean. Benoît XII et le pays de Foix. In: La papauté d'Avignon et le Languedoc. Toulouse : Éditions Privat, 1991. pp. 19-37. (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 26

G. G. Merlo. Eretici e inquisitori nella società piemontese del trecento

Duvernoy Jean. G. G. Merlo. Eretici e inquisitori nella società piemontese del trecento. In: Revue de l'histoire des religions, tome 198, n°3, 1981. pp. 340-341