Transpiration of four common understorey plant species according to drought intensity in temperate forests

International audienceAbstractKey messageWater use patterns of understorey vegetation are species-dependent.Calluna vulgarisshowed little or no regulation of transpiration in response to soil water depletion or air vapour pressure deficit, unlike Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus sp. and Molinia caerulea.ContextEvapotranspiration at forest stand scale is the sum of three components: overstorey and understorey transpiration, and evaporation from soil. During periods of soil water shortage, evapotranspiration of trees declines significantly, but the response of understorey vegetation is less well known. Some reports suggest that understorey vegetation can sometimes be the main source of water depletion in a forest stand during drought episodes.AimsWe assessed transpiration in response to decreased soil water content (SWC) and increased vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in the atmosphere for four understorey species with contrasting patterns of resource capture.MethodsPotted plants of Pteridium aquilinum, Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris and Rubus sect. Fruticosi were grown under two radiation levels combined with three levels of SWC. Temperature, radiation, VPD and transpiration were monitored.ResultsCalluna vulgaris displayed a water spender behaviour with little or no regulation of transpiration during soil water depletion and increased VPD, whereas Pteridium aquilinum showed a low transpiration rate whatever the conditions. Rubus sect. Fruticosi gradually decreased transpiration during soil water depletion and increased VPD, whereas Molinia caerulea responded strongly to soil water depletion but only moderately to VPD.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of adding identity and water use strategy of understorey species to the tree canopy component to establish a reliable forest water balance

Storskaliga företag och utmaningen att vara innovativa: integrationen av externa uppstart

During the 20th century, Large Scale Companies (LSCs) mindset was all about minimizing risks and maximizing profits. On top of this, they were heavily relying on intellectual property – culture of secret – and they were shaped to exploit rather than to explore. In this context, open innovation brought a completely new approach. As part of the changing landscape, trends of corporate venturing appeared about five years ago. Among LSCs which have chosen to get on the train of innovation, different strategies have been adopted from one company to another. Only today are people witnessing corporate venturing getting more structured. Yet, LSCs have not focused enough just yet on the development of venture structures with external startups. It is essential to understand how to make incubation and acceleration of external startups successful within LSCs. This study adopts LSCs’ perspective and aims at providing them with the best practices that currently exist in the innovation ecosystem in terms of corporate venturing. In particular, this study focuses on how Large Scale Companies (LSCs) can take advantage of external startups through a corporate incubator and/or corporate accelerator in order to become more innovative. The study suggests the venturing process should be divided into three main stages: the identification of the appropriate venture structure and of the right startups, the follow-up of the integrated startups of the corporate venture structure and finally the exit strategy. Building upon the business model canvas and customer value proposition theories, the suggestion is made for LSCs to step backwards and reflect thoroughly about the corporate venture strategy they want to adopt. LSCs should be aware that they evolve as part of a complex venturing ecosystem, and that each tool, rather than being isolated, should embrace and collaborate with the multitude of existing structures.Under de 20 århundradena var Large Scale Companies (LSCs) tankegangen allt om minimering av risker och maximesring av överskott. Utöver detta var de starkt beroende av immateriella rättigheter - hemlighetskulturen - och de var formade att utnyttja snarare än att utforska. I det här sammanhanget kom öppen innovation till ett helt nytt tillvägagångssätt. Som ett led i det förändrade landskapet uppträdde trenderna för företagsvågningar för ungefär fem år sedan. Blandt LSCs, som har valt att få på toget eller innovation, olika strategier har beslutats från ett företag till ett annat. Endast idag är människors vittnesbörd om företagsvågar att bli mer strukturerad. Ändå har LSCs inte fokuserat tillräckligt på utvecklingen av venturestrukturer med externa startups. Det är viktigt att förstå hur man gör inkubation och acceleration av externa startups framgångsrika inom LSCs. Denna studie antar LSCs perspektiv och syftar till att ge dem de bästa praxis som för närvarande finns i innovationsekosystemet när det gäller företagsledning. I synnerhet fokuserar den här studien på hur Large Scale Companies (LSC) kan dra nytta av externa uppstart genom en företags inkubator och / eller företagsaccelerator för att bli mer innovativ. De studier som antyder vid venturingprocessen bör delas in tre huvudfaser: Identifiering av den aktuella riskstrukturen och rätt uppstart, uppföljning av den integrerade uppstarten av den organisationsstruktur och slutgiltigt slutstrategi. Med utgångspunkt i affärsmodellens kanfas och kundvärdes propositionsteorier, görs förslaget att LSCs ska gå bakåt och reflektera noggrant på företagsledningsstrategin som de vill anta. LSCs borde vara medvetna om att de utvecklas som en del av ett komplext venturerande ekosystem, och att varje verktyg, istället för att isoleras, ska omfamna och samarbeta med de många befintliga strukturerna

Storskaliga företag och utmaningen att vara innovativa: integrationen av externa uppstart

During the 20th century, Large Scale Companies (LSCs) mindset was all about minimizing risks and maximizing profits. On top of this, they were heavily relying on intellectual property – culture of secret – and they were shaped to exploit rather than to explore. In this context, open innovation brought a completely new approach. As part of the changing landscape, trends of corporate venturing appeared about five years ago. Among LSCs which have chosen to get on the train of innovation, different strategies have been adopted from one company to another. Only today are people witnessing corporate venturing getting more structured. Yet, LSCs have not focused enough just yet on the development of venture structures with external startups. It is essential to understand how to make incubation and acceleration of external startups successful within LSCs. This study adopts LSCs’ perspective and aims at providing them with the best practices that currently exist in the innovation ecosystem in terms of corporate venturing. In particular, this study focuses on how Large Scale Companies (LSCs) can take advantage of external startups through a corporate incubator and/or corporate accelerator in order to become more innovative. The study suggests the venturing process should be divided into three main stages: the identification of the appropriate venture structure and of the right startups, the follow-up of the integrated startups of the corporate venture structure and finally the exit strategy. Building upon the business model canvas and customer value proposition theories, the suggestion is made for LSCs to step backwards and reflect thoroughly about the corporate venture strategy they want to adopt. LSCs should be aware that they evolve as part of a complex venturing ecosystem, and that each tool, rather than being isolated, should embrace and collaborate with the multitude of existing structures.Under de 20 århundradena var Large Scale Companies (LSCs) tankegangen allt om minimering av risker och maximesring av överskott. Utöver detta var de starkt beroende av immateriella rättigheter - hemlighetskulturen - och de var formade att utnyttja snarare än att utforska. I det här sammanhanget kom öppen innovation till ett helt nytt tillvägagångssätt. Som ett led i det förändrade landskapet uppträdde trenderna för företagsvågningar för ungefär fem år sedan. Blandt LSCs, som har valt att få på toget eller innovation, olika strategier har beslutats från ett företag till ett annat. Endast idag är människors vittnesbörd om företagsvågar att bli mer strukturerad. Ändå har LSCs inte fokuserat tillräckligt på utvecklingen av venturestrukturer med externa startups. Det är viktigt att förstå hur man gör inkubation och acceleration av externa startups framgångsrika inom LSCs. Denna studie antar LSCs perspektiv och syftar till att ge dem de bästa praxis som för närvarande finns i innovationsekosystemet när det gäller företagsledning. I synnerhet fokuserar den här studien på hur Large Scale Companies (LSC) kan dra nytta av externa uppstart genom en företags inkubator och / eller företagsaccelerator för att bli mer innovativ. De studier som antyder vid venturingprocessen bör delas in tre huvudfaser: Identifiering av den aktuella riskstrukturen och rätt uppstart, uppföljning av den integrerade uppstarten av den organisationsstruktur och slutgiltigt slutstrategi. Med utgångspunkt i affärsmodellens kanfas och kundvärdes propositionsteorier, görs förslaget att LSCs ska gå bakåt och reflektera noggrant på företagsledningsstrategin som de vill anta. LSCs borde vara medvetna om att de utvecklas som en del av ett komplext venturerande ekosystem, och att varje verktyg, istället för att isoleras, ska omfamna och samarbeta med de många befintliga strukturerna

Information et veille territoriales : représentation du complexe local et émergence d'un projet d'intelligence territoriale

Désormais, l'environnement des acteurs territoriaux se compose de réseaux locaux, nationaux et internationaux. L'appréciation des enjeux ouverts par la nouvelle configuration des télécommunications et du multimédia devient une priorité. Les réseaux et leurs applications autoriseront la naissance puis la pratique d'une intelligence collective utile pour résoudre des problèmes rendus de plus en plus complexes par l'apport d'une information massive. La réflexion proposée dans ce mémoire s'oriente vers un espace de médiation -Système d'Information et de Veille territoriales- pour favoriser la synergie de catégories d'acteurs locaux vers d'autres acteurs locaux. Parce que les espaces de transferts dans leur forme ancestraie ont été rompus, cohabiteront des échanges pour partie virtuels, avec d'autres pans de relations interrompues. Pour exister et se renouer, ces E-espaces supposent la présence de réseaux et le transfert des connaissances via des antennes ou paliers démocratiques, économiques, pédagogiques...AIX-MARSEILLE3-BU Sc.St Jérô (130552102) / SudocSudocFranceF

What do we know about the Ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle) ?

The tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle) originates from China and was introduced into France during the second half of the 18th century. It was initially planted in city parks and was later briefly but intensively grown for the purpose of producing silk. It is now widely disseminated in the natural environment and is locally invasive, especially in open forests and on grasslands. Its invasiveness is due to essential biological characteristics, i.e. the large quantity of fruit and natural herbicide it produces, its rapid vegetative growth in the form of suckers and shoots. Although this tree has some benefits, it also presents a risk of biodiversity degradation, which is why methods for control are being investigated. It would be wise to stop planting this tree and monitor its distribution.L’Ailante glanduleux (Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle) est un arbre d’origine chinoise introduit en France durant la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Il fut au départ planté en ville dans les espaces verts, puis fut l’objet d’une phase de plantation courte mais intensive dans l’objectif de produire de la soie. Il est aujourd’hui très répandu dans le milieu naturel et manifeste localement un comportement envahissant, notamment dans des forêts claires ou des pelouses. L’herbicide naturel et le nombre très élevé de fruits qu’il produit, mais aussi sa croissance rapide et sa faculté de reproduction végétative sous forme de drageons ou de rejets sont des caractéristiques biologiques essentielles pour permettre d’expliquer son caractère envahissant. Cet arbre offre des atouts variés mais le risque d’érosion de la biodiversité qu’il occasionne est à l’origine de recherche de méthodes pour son contrôle. Il serait sage de ne plus le planter et de surveiller sa répartition

Obrero haciendo huaraches, 2480

IIS-UNA

Plantaclim, an interdisciplinary project to study the ecosystem services provided by forest plantations

International audienceThe area of forest plantations is increasing around the world. This is particularly evident in the case of fast-growing plantations, which are helping Asian countries such as Vietnam to accelerate their forest transition. Of course, these artificial stands, often planted with exotic species, must be treated with caution. Yet they are particularly encouraged in the current context of accelerating climate change. They appear to be a means of mitigation, through the sequestration and storage of carbon and/or the avoidance of CO2 emissions through the production of local bio-sourced materials, replacing other more energy-intensive materials (concrete, etc.). They are also a way of adaptation, by allowing the introduction of species from regions with a climate similar to that expected in the region where they are introduced. Thus, forest plantations will play an increasingly role and we consider that it is important to study them, to know better the services (and disservices) they provide. It is the objective of Plantaclim, an interdisciplinary research project funded by the Centre-Val de Loire region and led by UMR CITERES (2021-2024). Alongside UMR CITERES, 14 partners (4 academic and 10 socio-economic) took part.The team focused on forest plantations of the Centre-Val de Loire region, using the example of maritime pine and poplar plantations. Both are expected to remain in place despite climate change, and the area of maritime pine is even growing, mainly replacing dying Scots pine. To study these plantations and their (dis)services, the project comprised 4 main tasks.We began by making an inventory of these plantations and the services they provide (Task 1), and selected 6 study sites. Within these, we selected 56 pairs of plots, combining poplar plantations and subnatural woodlands or pine and oak stands of different ages, for the surveys. The particularity of the project was indeed to compare native stands and plantations (for soil and plant biodiversity).We then studied the environmental (Task 2) and socio-economic (Task 3) characteristics of the studied plantations, in order to gain a better understanding of the support, provisioning and cultural services associated with these plantations. We thus analyzed the characteristics of their soils, the associated plant and entomological biodiversity, the advantages and obstacles for the entire forest-wood sector (from tree planting to wood processing), leisure activities and the representations of these plantations by stakeholders, local residents and users.In the task 4, the results were crossed on a spatial basis. This task was also an opportunity for researchers and local stakeholders involved in the project to discuss ways of improving these plantations, taking into account climate and socio-economic changes, while ensuring that they meet society's expectations, limit negative impacts on the environment and landscapes, and promote the use of local bio-sourced materials, in order to help secure the future of the industry in the region, by making it part of a sustainable approach

Face aux effets du changement climatique sur les forêts de la région Centre-Val de Loire : les plantations de pin maritime comme solution ?

International audienceLes effets du changement climatique se font de plus en plus sentir sur les forêts françaises ; ils sont surtout désormais visibles : des arbres dépérissent. Les forêts de la région Centre-Val de Loire ne sont pas épargnées : l’emblématique chêne (pédonculé et désormais aussi sessile) est concerné, tout comme le pin sylvestre et plus encore le châtaignier. La sécheresse en est une cause mais sans être la seule. Cela se vérifie notamment dans la forêt de Vierzon, qui constitue un « terrain d’étude privilégié pour les scientifiques » tant les dépérissements sont nombreux ; elle est aussi l’un de nos sites d’étude. Notre communication se fondera sur les recherches conduites dans le cadre du projet Plantaclim qui, selon son intitulé, vise à « Maximiser les services des (re)plantations forestières dans le contexte du changement climatique ». Nous nous appuierons sur l’analyse de données spatiales, des observations de terrain, des inventaires floristiques et entomologiques, ainsi que sur des témoignages : ont été interrogés 25 acteurs de la filière forêt-bois (surtout 5 avec qui les effets du changement climatique ont été davantage abordés) et 4 autres acteurs du territoire (dont association de protection de la nature) ; se sont ajoutés des échanges réguliers avec les partenaires socio-économiques du projet (dont ONF et CNPF). Pour les acteurs forestiers, face aux dépérissements, la plantation apparaît comme une solution, d’ailleurs encouragée par les pouvoirs publics (plan de relance) et, même si des essais sont réalisés avec de nouvelles essences, ce sont pour l’heure les pins maritimes qui profitent de la dynamique. Mais peuvent-ils constituer une solution pour l’ensemble de la région Centre-Val de Loire ? Après avoir exposé le cadre méthodologique de notre recherche, nous analyserons les regards portés par les acteurs interrogés. Nous retracerons ensuite les dynamiques des plantations de pin maritime et nous nous intéresserons, dans un 3e temps, aux (dis)services rendus par ces dernières et notamment à la biodiversité associée. Nous montrerons ainsi que cette solution n’a pas vocation à être généralisée à l’échelle de la région et ne peut valoir que localement, sur le plan biophysique autant que sociétal

Utilisation des herbicides en forêt et gestion durable

Guide pratique, ISSN 1952-2770National audienc