Efficacy of Pregabalin in Acute Postoperative Pain Under Different Surgical Categories: a meta-analysis

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Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions

The unprecedented availability of 6-hourly data from a multi-model GCM ensemble in the CMIP5 data archive presents the new opportunity to dynamically downscale multiple GCMs to develop high-resolution climate projections relevant to detailed assessment of climate vulnerability and climate change impacts. This enables the development of high resolution projections derived from the same set of models that are used to characterise the range of future climate changes at the global and large-scale, and as assessed in the IPCC AR5. However, the technical and human resource required to dynamically-downscale the full CMIP5 ensemble are significant and not necessary if the aim is to develop scenarios covering a representative range of future climate conditions relevant to a climate change risk assessment. This paper illustrates a methodology for selecting from the available CMIP5 models in order to identify a set of 8–10 GCMs for use in regional climate change assessments. The selection focuses on their suitability across multiple regions—Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. The selection (a) avoids the inclusion of the least realistic models for each region and (b) simultaneously captures the maximum possible range of changes in surface temperature and precipitation for three continental-scale regions. We find that, of the CMIP5 GCMs with 6-hourly fields available, three simulate the key regional aspects of climate sufficiently poorly that we consider the projections from those models ‘implausible’ (MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and IPSL-CM5B-LR). From the remaining models, we demonstrate a selection methodology which avoids the poorest models by including them in the set only if their exclusion would significantly reduce the range of projections sampled. The result of this process is a set of models suitable for using to generate downscaled climate change information for a consistent multi-regional assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation

Towards a typology for constrained climate model forecasts

In recent years several methodologies have been developed to combine and interpret ensembles of climate models with the aim of quantifying uncertainties in climate projections. Constrained climate model forecasts have been generated by combining various choices of metrics used to weight individual ensemble members, with diverse approaches to sampling the ensemble. The forecasts obtained are often significantly different, even when based on the same model output. Therefore, a climate model forecast classification system can serve two roles: to provide a way for forecast producers to self-classify their forecasts; and to provide information on the methodological assumptions underlying the forecast generation and its uncertainty when forecasts are used for impacts studies. In this review we propose a possible classification system based on choices of metrics and sampling strategies. We illustrate the impact of some of the possible choices in the uncertainty quantification of large scale projections of temperature and precipitation changes, and briefly discuss possible connections between climate forecast uncertainty quantification and decision making approaches in the climate change context

Enantioselective rhodium-catalysed insertion of trifluorodiazoethanes into tin hydrides

Aryl substituted 2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethanes undergo rhodium(II)-catalysed insertion reactions with tin hydrides affording the corresponding α-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl stannanes. This reactivity contrasts with that of diazo esters which predominantly afford CH2 reduction products in the presence of tin hydrides. The first example of asymmetric insertion into tin hydrides using diazo compounds is also described. In addition, this system extends to asymmetric germanium hydride and silane insertion

Evaluasi produksi dan kualitas inokulum fungi mikoriza arbuskula yang diproduksi dengan teknik hidroponik pada rumput Brachiaria decumbens var. mullato

ABSTRAKPengembangan hijauan membutuhkan pupuk ramah lingkungan. Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskular (FMA) adalah asosiasi yang melibatkan jamur dan akar yang dianggap sebagai pupuk hayati untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman dan toleran dari kondisi lingkungan. Ketersediaan FMA masih jarang, sehingga dibutuhkan produksi massal untuk dapat mendukung pengembangan hijauan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan inokulum AMF menggunakan sistem hidroponik dalam jumlah besar secara efektif. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 2 tahap. Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial yang digunakan pada tahap pertama dengan faktor A adalah jenis sistem irigasi (Manual, Drip dan Nutrien Film Technique System (NFT)) dan B adalah larutan nutrisi (AB Mix dan Hyponex Red) dengan Pueraria javanica sebagai tanaman inang. Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dilakukan pada tahap kedua dengan menggunakan produksi inokulum FMA dari tahap pertama dengan Brachiaria decumbens var Mullato sebagai tanaman inang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara sistem NFT dan AB Mix signifikan (P<0,05) menghasilkan bahan kering tajuk, bahan kering akar dan spora paling tinggi. Semua tipe sistem irigasi dan nutrisi menunjukkan infeksi akar>96%. FMA inokulasi di Brachiaria decumbes var Mulato signifikan(P <0,05) pada bahan kering tajuk, kandungan N, kandungan P dan serapan P.Kata kunci: Brachiaria decumbes, FMA, sistem Drip, sistem NFT, Pueraria javanica,ABSTRACTForage mass production development requires environmental friendly fertilizer. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are mutualitic symbioses between plant and fungi that considered as natural biofertilizer with benefit to improve plant productivitity and environment stress tolerance. The availability of AMF is still low, so it takes mass production to be able to support forage development. The aim of the research was to produce AMF inoculum using hydroponic system in large quantities. This research divided into 2 stages. The factorial randomized block design was used for the first stage with A factor was type of irrigation system (Manual, Drip and Nutrient Film Technique System (NFT)) and B was the nutritional solution (AB Mix and Hyponex Red) using Pueraria javanica as host plant. Completely randomized design was conducted for the second stage by using AMF inoculum production from first stage using Brachiariadecumbens var Mullat as host plant. The best result was a combination beetwen NFT system and AB Mix significantly (P<0.05) produce highest shoot dry matter, root dry matter and spore production. All type of irrigation system and nutrition showed root infection >96%. AMF inoculation in Brachiariadecumbes var Mulato was significant different (P<0.05) on shoot dry matter, N content, P content and P uptake.Keywords: AMF, B. decumbes, Drip system, NFT system, P. javanica

Chemical epigenetics: the impact of chemical and chemical biology techniques on bromodomain target validation

Epigenetics is currently the focus of intense research interest across a broad range of disciplines due to its importance in a multitude of biological processes and disease states. Epigenetic functions result partly from modification of the nucleobases in DNA and RNA, and/or post‐translational modifications of histone proteins. These modifications are dynamic, with cellular machinery identified to modulate and interpret the marks. Our focus is on bromodomains, which bind to acetylated lysine residues. Progress in the study of bromodomains, and the development of bromodomain ligands, has been rapid. These advances have been underpinned by many disciplines, but chemistry and chemical biology have undoubtedly played a significant role. Herein, we review the key chemistry and chemical biology approaches that have furthered our study of bromodomains, enabled the development of bromodomain ligands, and played a critical role in the validation of bromodomains as therapeutic targets

Fenestrated discectomy, is it still the gold standard in resource poor setting, an experience of overall outcome in a single orthopaedic unit.

Objective: Lower back pain with radiculopathy poorly responding to non-operative management is common . Microdiscectomy(MD) is currently the gold standard in ideal settings. Our objective was to evaluate the overall outcome of standard open Fenestrated Discectomy(FD) in relation to published data on microdiscectomy. Method: This is a prospective study of 24 consecutive patients, who underwent FD over six months in relation to the operative time, complications, cost and patient satisfaction eight weeks post procedure. Results: Mean age was 42 years (range 21-60yrs) and 75% were males. The most commonly affected disc was L4-5, in 62.5%.  All patients had their activities of daily living affected. Night pain disturbing the sleep in 87.5% and neurogenic claudication in 62.5%.  Nerve root compression was there in 79.2% while 20.8% had cord compression on MRI. Only 4.2% had Cauda Equina syndrome. Mean duration of the surgery was 40 minutes and mean duration of post-op stay was 4.2 days as compared to 70 minutes and 2.5 days in MD. Seventy one percent had uneventful recovery.  Acute retention of urine in 21% and surgical site infections in 8.3% were the commonest complications. Mean cost of the procedure(FD) was 25300LKR as compared to 40000LKR for MD . Night pain resolved in 91.7% in the first post operative day and returned to normal function with overall satisfaction of 95.8% within eight weeks as compared to 85-90% in MD Conclusions: FD is a versatile and cost effective procedure with comparable outcome to MD in resource poor settings

ISOLATION OF NODULE-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA FROM Indigofera zollingeriana AND ITS CROSS INOCULATION TO MUNGBEAN

Indigofera zollingeriana is a shrubby legume which highly accepted as fodder to animal ration because of its high protein content. As a legume, this plant could provide itself a nitrogen because of its symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. Moreover, there are some other bacteria could be found in root nodule which also supports plant growth. This experiment was aimed to find rhizobia or Nodule-Associated Bacteria from Indigofera zollingeriana and its cross-nodulation capability on mungbean (Vigna radiata). Indigofera zollingeriana root nodules were collected from three different locations. Total of 9 isolates were collected and cultured on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (YEMA). Isolates were also tested for nodulation on I. zollingeriana and mungbean. Five days old isolate were inoculated to I. zollingeriana and mungbean seed for approximately 30 minutes and then sown into sterile sand. This experiment was designed in completely randomized design with three replications. Colonies morphology, Gram`s nature, nitrogenase activity of asymbiotic isolates, nodules number, nodules fresh weight, were observed. Isolates showed a raised glistening white colonies. Most of isolates showed a gram negative, but JP1 and KF isolate were found to be a gram positive. All isolates possesed a nitrogenase activity. Nodulation test showed that all isolates could renodulate I. zollingeriana better than control. BM isolate, which had the lightest nodule fresh weight on I. zollingeriana, could increased nodulation  13.62% better than the uninoculated treatment. Different case was found on mungbean, only JM1 and BM isolate that could nodulate better than control

Gut-homing and intestinal TIGITnegCD38+ memory T cells acquire an IL-12-induced, ex-Th17 pathogenic phenotype in a subgroup of Crohn's disease patients with a severe disease course.

CD4+ memory T cell (TM) reactivation drives chronicity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. Defects driving loss of TM regulation likely differ between patients but remain undefined. In health, approximately 40 % of circulating gut-homing CD38+TM express co-inhibitory receptor T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT). TIGIT+CD38+TM have regulatory function while TIGITnegCD38+TM are enriched in IFN-γ-producing cells. We hypothesized TIGITnegCD38+TM are inflammatory and drive disease in a subgroup of IBD patients. We characterized TIGIT+CD38+TM in a uniquely large cohort of pediatric IBD patients from time of diagnosis into adulthood. Circulating TIGITnegCD38+TM frequencies were higher in a subgroup of therapy-naïve CD patients with high plasma IFN-γ and a more severe disease course. TIGITnegCD38+TM were highly enriched in HLA-DR+ and ex-Th17/Th1-like cells, high producers of IFN-γ. Cultures of healthy-adult-stimulated TM identified IL-12 as the only IBD-related inflammatory cytokine to drive the pathogenic ex-Th17-TIGITnegCD38+ phenotype. Moreover, IL12RB2 mRNA expression was higher in TIGITnegCD38+TM than TIGIT+CD38+TM, elevated in CD biopsies compared to controls, and correlated with severity of intestinal inflammation. Overall, we argue that in a subgroup of pediatric CD, increased IL-12 signaling drives reprogramming of Th17 to inflammatory Th1-like TIGITnegCD38+TM and causes more severe disease

Robust observational constraint of uncertain aerosol processes and emissions in a climate model and the effect on aerosol radiative forcing

The effect of observational constraint on the ranges of uncertain physical and chemical process parameters was explored in a global aerosol–climate model. The study uses 1 million variants of the Hadley Centre General Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3) that sample 26 sources of uncertainty, together with over 9000 monthly aggregated grid-box measurements of aerosol optical depth, PM2.5, particle number concentrations, sulfate and organic mass concentrations. Despite many compensating effects in the model, the procedure constrains the probability distributions of parameters related to secondary organic aerosol, anthropogenic SO2 emissions, residential emissions, sea spray emissions, dry deposition rates of SO2 and aerosols, new particle formation, cloud droplet pH and the diameter of primary combustion particles. Observational constraint rules out nearly 98 % of the model variants. On constraint, the ±1σ (standard deviation) range of global annual mean direct radiative forcing (RFari) is reduced by 33 % to −0.14 to −0.26 W m−2, and the 95 % credible interval (CI) is reduced by 34 % to −0.1 to −0.32 W m−2. For the global annual mean aerosol–cloud radiative forcing, RFaci, the ±1σ range is reduced by 7 % to −1.66 to −2.48 W m−2, and the 95 % CI by 6 % to −1.28 to −2.88 W m−2. The tightness of the constraint is limited by parameter cancellation effects (model equifinality) as well as the large and poorly defined “representativeness error” associated with comparing point measurements with a global model. The constraint could also be narrowed if model structural errors that prevent simultaneous agreement with different measurement types in multiple locations and seasons could be improved. For example, constraints using either sulfate or PM2.5 measurements individually result in RFari±1σ ranges that only just overlap, which shows that emergent constraints based on one measurement type may be overconfident