Protection of Phaseolus vulgaris L. from Herbicide 2,4-D Results from Exposing Seeds to Humic Acid

Bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) is the world's most significant and basic legume crop for people diet. The intense use of the herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in bean planting areas can lead to a number of toxicological issues. To prevent such damages, humic acid (HA) may be used to increase plant development by improving nutrient uptake and to play a protecting role against stresses by regulating the antioxidative system of plants. Hence, the aim of the current study was to investigate the impacts of HA on DNA damage levels and DNA methylation changes against 2,4-D stress in the bean. HA treatments were applied to bean seedlings, and the 2,4-D was sprayed on the three-to-four-leaf stages at 2,4-D dose. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for determining the changes in DNA damage and coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) for DNA methylation changes. According to results, while the genomic template stability (GTS) decreased in the 2,4-D (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L) treatments, this value increased comparatively in the 2,4-D applied together with HA (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/L) treatments. In CRED-RA patterns, as the HA doses were increased, there was generally a decrease in polymorphism rates (DNA methylation changes) caused by 2,4-D applications. Our results have clearly demonstrated that HA has a curative effect up to a level against genotoxic and DNA methylation changes caused by 2,4-D

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Adapts to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with “Auxin-Like” Morphological Changes, Cell Envelope Remodeling and Upregulation of Central Metabolic Pathways

There is a growing need to characterize the effects of environmental stressors at the molecular level on model organisms with the ever increasing number and variety of anthropogenic chemical pollutants. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), as one of the most widely applied pesticides in the world, is one such example. This herbicide is known to have non-targeted undesirable effects on humans, animals and soil microbes, but specific molecular targets at sublethal levels are unknown. In this study, we have used Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 (Rlv) as a nitrogen fixing, beneficial model soil organism to characterize the effects of 2,4-D. Using metabolomics and advanced microscopy we determined specific target pathways in the Rlv metabolic network and consequent changes to its phenotype, surface ultrastructure, and physical properties during sublethal 2,4-D exposure. Auxin and 2,4-D, its structural analogue, showed common morphological changes in vitro which were similar to bacteroids isolated from plant nodules, implying that these changes are related to bacteroid differentiation required for nitrogen fixation. Rlv showed remarkable adaptation capabilities in response to the herbicide, with changes to integral pathways of cellular metabolism and the potential to assimilate 2,4-D with consequent changes to its physical and structural properties. This study identifies biomarkers of 2,4-D in Rlv and offers valuable insights into the mode-of-action of 2,4-D in soil bacteria

Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tools to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Islet autoantibodies form the foundation for type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis and staging, but heterogeneity exists in T1D development and presentation. We hypothesized that autoantibodies can identify heterogeneity before, at, and after T1D diagnosis, and in response to disease-modifying therapies. METHODS: We systematically reviewed PubMed and EMBASE databases (6/14/2022) assessing 10 years of original research examining relationships between autoantibodies and heterogeneity before, at, after diagnosis, and in response to disease-modifying therapies in individuals at-risk or within 1 year of T1D diagnosis. A critical appraisal checklist tool for cohort studies was modified and used for risk of bias assessment. RESULTS: Here we show that 152 studies that met extraction criteria most commonly characterized heterogeneity before diagnosis (91/152). Autoantibody type/target was most frequently examined, followed by autoantibody number. Recurring themes included correlations of autoantibody number, type, and titers with progression, differing phenotypes based on order of autoantibody seroconversion, and interactions with age and genetics. Only 44% specifically described autoantibody assay standardization program participation. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence most strongly supports the application of autoantibody features to more precisely define T1D before diagnosis. Our findings support continued use of pre-clinical staging paradigms based on autoantibody number and suggest that additional autoantibody features, particularly in relation to age and genetic risk, could offer more precise stratification. To improve reproducibility and applicability of autoantibody-based precision medicine in T1D, we propose a methods checklist for islet autoantibody-based manuscripts which includes use of precision medicine MeSH terms and participation in autoantibody standardization workshops