The impact of architectural and Urban patterns on the behaviour of an exhibited angular size-illusion

Publisher's Versio

QUANTIFYING THE DENSITY-QUALITY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRICALLY CREATED POINT-CLOUDS OF LINEAR ARCHITECTURAL/URBAN ELEMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF SHOOTING DISTANCES AND NUMBER OF CAMERA POSITIONS I.E. SHOOTING-DIRECTIONS

This paper examines the impact of various object-to-camera distances and the number of station-points i.e. various shooting directions with regard to the obtained Density-quality of photogrammetrically created Point-clouds - as digital representations of the existent linear architectural/urban objects/elements.According to an artificial (purified) experimental scene used, the conclusion is that with the chosen focal lengths/object-to-camera distances, with shooting directions perpendicular to the axis of that object, with station-points uniformly radially distributed around it (at a circle of 360deg), and with the obtained values of photogrammetric-software process-quality outputs which belong to the recommended ranges, the achieved density-level of the created Point-clouds may be treated as independent on the camera's radial-movement angle but dependent on the percentage of „Object's Photo-Coverage”: the lower the Coverage, the lower the density. Also, regardless of the Coverage level, the majority of the generated points are generally more "densimetrically" precise than they are "densimetrically" accurate.Key words: Architectural Photogrammetry, Image-Based 3D-Modeling, Point-Cloud, Density, Precision, Accuracy

Encoding/Decoding Capitals of Classical Architectural Orders by Using Fractal Geometry: Establishing Methodology

In most cases, artefacts are differentiated in terms of style they belong to – mainly visually, not mathematically. So, the main research questions of this study are both how to numerically encode stylistic regularities (peculiarities) as geometric indicators of artefacts morphology and how to decode them, namely to identify architectural style those artefacts belong to. Columns, namely their capitals are chosen as the most distinctive elements among artefacts. To elaborate on the validity of the defined principles of the aim-related methodology, a few representatives (capital samples) from each of three fundamental classical architectural orders (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) are used. The subject of this Paper is to establish relevant indicators of capital qualification, capital classification, and thus, referred architectural order identification. The verification of those indicators is performed by processing two sets of capitals contours (that belong to the mutually equidistant transverse and equiangular radial section planes) of each of the selected samples (namely digital 3D models). The narrower research aim is to point out that it is possible to encode not only chosen but also any other capital – by using the mentioned indicators of fractal and non-fractal nature (as a control one). The wider research aim refers to a possibility to identify order a concrete fragment of capital belongs to in terms of recognising it computationally (as confidently as possible from the mathematical probability point of view) based on the established research methodology principles. Finally, it is possible to conclude that changes of the analysed indicators trendlines behaviour (expressed by changes of its slope, roughness, continuation, etc.) accurately/precisely describe morphology-wise variations of a form that could point out subject-related stylistic variation, as well. So, this Paper demonstrates not only the fact that architectural orders capitals are true fractal objects, but rather how fractal analysis as a tool can be used to scientifically numerically encode/decode their certain characteristics (fractal features) of single- or multi-scale nature

Establishing Correlation between Cruise Ship Activities and Ambient PM Concentrations in the Kotor Bay Area Using a Low-Cost Sensor Network

The analysis of cruise ships is focusing on port areas where they may represent a significant source of anthropogenic emissions. In order to determine the correlation between cruise ship activities (hoteling and maneuvering) in ports with the ambient concentration of pollutants associated with marine diesel fuel combustion, the low-cost sensors are finding their market share due to lower prices compared to the referent ones. In this study, a network of four low-cost PM sensors was used to determine the correlation between ambient PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations with cruise ship activities in the Kotor Bay area during 27 days in the peak summer season, with a 10-min resolution. Recorded data and the Openair model were used to investigate the potential relationship between cruise ship operations and temporal fluctuations in PM concentrations in the ambient air. Additionally, an Tier 3 methodology developed through the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme of the European Environmental Agency (EMEP/EEA) was applied in order to estimate the total cruise ship PM emissions. The study has shown that weather conditions play a significant role in local PM concentrations, so that, with predominant ENE wind directions, the west side of the Bay experienced on average higher concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10. Rain precipitation and higher winds tend to decrease rapidly ambient PM concentrations. Higher PM levels are associated mainly with lower wind speeds and the inflows from neighboring berths/anchorages. During the maneuvering (arrival and departure) of cruise ships, higher spikes in PM values were detected, being more visible for PM10 than PM2.5. A significant correlation between daily average PM concentrations and cruise ships’ daily estimated PM emission was not found. As a result, higher temporal resolution demonstrated a stronger correlation

Establishing Correlation between Cruise Ship Activities and Ambient PM Concentrations in the Kotor Bay Area Using a Low-Cost Sensor Network

The analysis of cruise ships is focusing on port areas where they may represent a significant source of anthropogenic emissions. In order to determine the correlation between cruise ship activities (hoteling and maneuvering) in ports with the ambient concentration of pollutants associated with marine diesel fuel combustion, the low-cost sensors are finding their market share due to lower prices compared to the referent ones. In this study, a network of four low-cost PM sensors was used to determine the correlation between ambient PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations with cruise ship activities in the Kotor Bay area during 27 days in the peak summer season, with a 10-min resolution. Recorded data and the Openair model were used to investigate the potential relationship between cruise ship operations and temporal fluctuations in PM concentrations in the ambient air. Additionally, an Tier 3 methodology developed through the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme of the European Environmental Agency (EMEP/EEA) was applied in order to estimate the total cruise ship PM emissions. The study has shown that weather conditions play a significant role in local PM concentrations, so that, with predominant ENE wind directions, the west side of the Bay experienced on average higher concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10. Rain precipitation and higher winds tend to decrease rapidly ambient PM concentrations. Higher PM levels are associated mainly with lower wind speeds and the inflows from neighboring berths/anchorages. During the maneuvering (arrival and departure) of cruise ships, higher spikes in PM values were detected, being more visible for PM10 than PM2.5. A significant correlation between daily average PM concentrations and cruise ships’ daily estimated PM emission was not found. As a result, higher temporal resolution demonstrated a stronger correlation

Transformation of Pencils of Circles into Pencils of Conics and These into Pencils of Higher-Order Curves

In this paper, an elliptical pencil of circles is mapped by homology (perspective collineation) into a parabolic-parabolic pencil of hyperbolas because it has two by two common points 1 = 2 and 3 = 4 in infinity, i.e., four overlapping points in the antipode. The mapping also includes the mapping of degenerated conics decomposed into corresponding pairs of straight lines. The elliptical pencil of circles (the ellipses on plane 1) is mapped into a hyperbolic pencil (on plane 2) by perspective collineation for pole S1. The vanishing line v1 intersects all the circles of the pencil so that by homology all the circles are mapped into hyperbolas. To apply supersymmetry to the obtained pencils, the angle between plane 1 and plane 2 must be 45°. The pencil of hyperbolas is mapped by supersymmetry into a pencil of higher-order curves. The obtained pencils are further mapped by inversion and then again by supersymmetry to obtain higher-order curves rich in different shapes. In the second example, the elliptical pencil of circles is placed to the vanishing line v1 so that by homology, it is mapped into a pencil of conics containing an ellipse (circle 1 does not intersect the vanishing line), a parabola (circle 2 touches the vanishing line), a hyperbola (circle 3 intersects the vanishing line). The pencil of conics is elliptical-parabolic because it has two real and separate points and two infinite, i.e., two overlapping points in the antipode. This pencil of conic is also mapped by supersymmetry into a pencil of higher-order curves that intersect at the same number and type of base points as the starting pencil. Higher order curves obtained by mapping are rational line curves

ASPECTS AND GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION IN SOLVING CONICAL SECTIONS

In mathematics, a conic is the curve that is obtained by intersecting a plane with a cone. Is well known that the shape of this curve may differ quite a bit depending on the position of the intersection plane relative to the cone axis, as it is actually a family of curves, commonly called "conical". In the first part, we determine the relation between the shape of the section curve and the angle of the plane of the section plane. The paper also proposes a reassembly of the cone from the fragments resulting from the sectioning with different planes. These recommences can be found as technical solutions for joining two pipes with different diameters and whose axes are not coaxial

Acute Coronary Syndrome in the COVID-19 Era—Differences and Dilemmas Compared to the Pre-COVID-19 Era

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous negative implications for all aspects of society. Although COVID-19 is a predominant lung disease, in 10–30% of cases, it is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The presence of myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients occurs with a frequency between 7–36%. There is growing evidence of the incidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in COVID-19, both due to coronary artery thrombosis and insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardium in conditions of an increased need. The diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID-19 and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major challenge for physicians. Often the presence of mixed symptoms, due to the combined presence of COVID-19 and ACS, as well as possible other diseases, nonspecific changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG), and often elevated serum troponin (cTn), create dilemmas in diagnosing ACS in COVID-19. Given the often-high ischemic risk, as well as the risk of bleeding, in these patients and analyzing the benefit/risk ratio, the treatment of patients with AMI and COVID-19 is often associated with dilemmas and difficult decisions. Due to delays in the application of the therapeutic regimen, complications of AMI are more common, and the mortality rate is higher