Consideration of probability of bacterial growth for Jovian planets and their satellites

Environmental parameters affecting growth of bacteria are compared with current atmospheric models for Jupiter and Saturn, and with the available physical data for their satellites. Different zones of relative probability of growth are identified for Jupiter and Saturn. Of the more than two dozen satellites, only the largest (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan) are found to be interesting biologically. Titan's atmosphere may produce a substantial greenhouse effect providing increased surface temperatures. Models predicting a dense atmosphere are compatible with microbial growth for a range of pressures at Titan's surface. For Titan's surface the probability of growth would be enhanced if: (1) the surface is entirely or partially liquid; (2) volcanism is present; or (3) access to internal heat sources is significant

Interpretive Geologic Maps and Cross Sections for Phelps, Kearney, and Adams Counties in Nebraska

Data from thousands of test-hole and well logs were interpreted to improve understanding and management of the High Plains aquifer in a three-county study area adjacent to the Big Bend reach of the Platte River. Five principal conclusions resulted from these interpretations: (1) the extent of Neogene Ogallala deposits beneath the study area is different than previously mapped; (2) a large paleovalley incised into Cretaceous bedrock probably cuts across Kearney and Adams counties and may be the course of the ancestral Platte River prior to formation of the Big Bend; (3) a groundwater mound created by irrigation canals artificially raises the water table in Phelps County and the western half of Kearney County, but dissipates in central Kearney County; (4) groundwater nitrate concentrations appear to be higher in Quaternary sediments than in the underlying Ogallala Group; (5) a potentially widespread, but discontinuous, silt and clay unit with varying amounts of sand is located at or near the top of the aquifer. Correlation of this unit across the study area is uncertain, as is its origin, but it may be a pre-Illinoian loess. More research is necessary to better delineate the paleovalley system incised into the Cretaceous bedrock and to identify the origin, extent, and hydrologic significance of the silt and clay unit(s). Despite remaining uncertainties, the geology of the study area indicates a history of shifting drainage patterns, climate changes, and Laramide structural deformation

Interpretive Geologic Maps and Cross Sections for Phelps, Kearney, and Adams Counties in Nebraska

Data from thousands of test-hole and well logs were interpreted to improve understanding and management of the High Plains aquifer in a three-county study area adjacent to the Big Bend reach of the Platte River. Five principal conclusions resulted from these interpretations: (1) the extent of Neogene Ogallala deposits beneath the study area is different than previously mapped; (2) a large paleovalley incised into Cretaceous bedrock probably cuts across Kearney and Adams counties and may be the course of the ancestral Platte River prior to formation of the Big Bend; (3) a groundwater mound created by irrigation canals artificially raises the water table in Phelps County and the western half of Kearney County, but dissipates in central Kearney County; (4) groundwater nitrate concentrations appear to be higher in Quaternary sediments than in the underlying Ogallala Group; (5) a potentially widespread, but discontinuous, silt and clay unit with varying amounts of sand is located at or near the top of the aquifer. Correlation of this unit across the study area is uncertain, as is its origin, but it may be a pre-Illinoian loess. More research is necessary to better delineate the paleovalley system incised into the Cretaceous bedrock and to identify the origin, extent, and hydrologic significance of the silt and clay unit(s). Despite remaining uncertainties, the geology of the study area indicates a history of shifting drainage patterns, climate changes, and Laramide structural deformation

An Assessment of the Early Theories of Religion by Edward B. Tylor, James G. Frazer, Sigmund Freud and Their Nexus with Cognitive Theorizing

From the world on go, man has been asking questions on the origin and formation of religion. These questions are as a result of the quest in man to understand his object of worship, the Supreme Being or the ultimate reality. Hence it has been ascertained that man is homo-religiosus and as such is religiously incurable. It has also been established that people have faith because beliefs make sense in so far as they hold value and are comprehensible. This is also evidenced in the level and quest for people’s religiosity in the present dispensation. Religion as it is practiced today developed from theories which are posited by scholars in trying to give their explanations to it. Among those scholars are Edward BurnettTylor, James George Frazer and Sigmund Freud who made their points from both substantive theory which is focusing on the value of religion for its adherent and functional perspectives which is more interested with what religion does. Their theories were not without some influence from their intellectual backgrounds. It is germane to posit that in trying a work of this nature, the paper makes use of library and internet sources in its research. The paper therefore finds that religion is an aspect of life that is very important to human life, hence the quest for every scholar to makea contribution to it. It concludes that faith and believes arise from the normal function of the human mind of which the human minds acquire, generate, and transmit religious thoughts, practices, and schemas by means of ordinary cognitive capacities. Key Words: Assessment, Theories, Religion, Edward B. Tylor, James G. Frazer, Sigmund Freud Nexus, Cognitive Theorizin

The Manifestation of Religion in the Public Sphere: A Contemporary Debate

Religion is ever present with human being. This is because man from his origin is seen to be incurably religious; hence he is addressed as homo-religiosus. It is important to note that with the advancement of technology and the development of the society, some scholars tend to posit that religion in no distant time will give way to secularization, but despite the rate of secularization in Europe and other western societies, religion still plays a vital and prominent role to human being. This work will be studied sociologically and will adopt the theory of crossing and dwelling. This is because religion is not a stagnant phenomenon but crosses and cuts across every facet of life. The paper therefore observes that religion is not only relevant to human being but it maintains a prominent position in the public sphere. It also finds that man is a religious animal and as long as he exists, religion will exist. The paper concludes that religion gives ultimate answers to ultimate questions which neither science nor philosophy has answered. Therefore its place in human being and society cannot be done away with as long as man exists. Key Words: Manifestation, Religion, Public Sphere,Contemporary, Debat

Chain Community Pharmacists\u27 Willingness, Attitudes, and Barriers in Providing Self-Care Medication and Supplement Recommendations

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are commonly called on as the first resource for patients when selecting an appropriate self-care medication or supplement. This study examines pharmacists’ over-the-counter (OTC) recommendations in the chain community pharmacy setting in the United States. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to assess chain community pharmacists’ willingness and attitudes to provide self-care recommendations to patients and to identify chain community pharmacists’ barriers to making OTC medication and supplement recommendations. METHODS: An anonymous survey was created to identify pharmacists’ attitudes and their willingness to perform these recommendations. The questionnaire included specific questions to identify barriers that exist to making OTC recommendations. The survey was distributed by fax and email to 527 pharmacists in the Mid-South regional district of a U.S. grocery chain pharmacy. Descriptive statistics were used to identify demographic trends and display results. RESULTS: Pharmacists are overwhelmingly willing to provide OTC recommendations (100%) and see it as an important part of community practice (99%). The greatest barriers were time/prescription volume (94%) and staffing demands (78%). The greatest need for education was in the areas of eye/ear care and vitamins/herbal products. CONCLUSIONS: The results affirmed pharmacists’ willingness and overall positive attitude to providing OTC medication counseling in the community pharmacy setting. The research uniquely identified barriers that pharmacists experience when attempting to make OTC recommendations. This information can be used not only for the implementation of patient care services targeting self-care needs but also in the application of general community pharmacy practice