National Security and Secret Evidence in Legislation and before the Courts: Exploring the Challenges. CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe No. 78/January 2015

This study provides a comparative analysis of the national legal regimes and practices governing the use of intelligence information as evidence in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. It explores notably how national security can be invoked to determine the classification of information and evidence as 'state secrets' in court proceedings and whether such laws and practices are fundamental rights- and rule of law-compliant. The study finds that, in the majority of Member States under investigation, the judiciary is significantly hindered in effectively adjudicating justice and guaranteeing the rights of the defence in ‘national security’ cases. The research also illustrates that the very term ‘national security’ is nebulously defined across the Member States analysed, with no national definition meeting legal certainty and “in accordance with the law” standards and a clear risk that the executive and secret services may act arbitrarily. The study argues that national and transnational intelligence community practices and cooperation need to be subject to more independent and effective judicial accountability and be brought into line with EU 'rule of law' standards

National Security and Secret Evidence in Legislation and before the Courts: Exploring the Challenges

At the request of the LIBE committee, this study provides a comparative analysis of the national legal regimes and practices governing the use of intelligence information as evidence in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. It explores notably how national security can be invoked to determine the classification of information and evidence as 'state secrets' in court proceedings and whether such laws and practices are fundamental rights- and rule of lawcompliant. The study finds that, in the majority of Member States under investigation, the judiciary is significantly hindered in effectively adjudicating justice and guaranteeing the rights of the defence in ‘national security’ cases. The research also illustrates that the very term ‘national security’ is nebulously defined across the Member States analysed, with no national definition meeting legal certainty and “in accordance with the law” standards and a clear risk that the executive and secret services may act arbitrarily. The study argues that national and transnational intelligence community practices and cooperation need to be subject to more independent and effective judicial accountability and be brought into line with EU 'rule of law' standards

Effluve de Communication. Le rôle de l'odeur dans la communication interpersonnelle (vers une modélisation de la communication olfactive.)

La thèse porte sur la communication olfactive impliquant les individus, en position d interactants, lors de situations de communication de face-à-face . Nous pensons que porter un parfum est une forme d intention communicative sur ce que le sujet parfumé communicant aspire à être. Dans le champ des sciences de l information et de la communication, la communication olfactive est étudiée dans un contexte théorique mobilisant des ressources issues de l interactionnisme et de l ethnométhodologie.Se parfumer, apparaissant comme une envie de communiquer sur son soi, nous essayons de mieux comprendre les processus de construction identitaire en articulation avec le soi. Cependant, comme l odorat est un sens très intimiste, se référant notamment aux expériences olfactives passées, la qualité d un parfum est une donnée très subjective. C est pourquoi, sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons construit un protocole, axé sur la notion d interaction (Goffman), afin de manipuler différents contextes d échanges. L objectif est de mieux comprendre quel rôle le parfum joue dans diverses situations de communication interpersonnelle.Une enquête qualitative a été menée sur 35 sujets, issus deux pays voisins, la Suisse et la France. Chaque interview en profondeur est basée sur un test projectif où le sujet est amené à construire la représentation d un individu communiquant en fonction d une senteur. Les résultats montrent que ne pouvant nous réapproprier la perception de l autre, nous sommes contraints d inférer, à partir de son comportement et de notre propre expérience, ce qu il ressent. Le sujet infère des informations qu il juge adéquates et pertinentes sur l autre en se basant sur son vécu expérientiel en lien avec le parfum qu il sent : l odeur devient un dispositif d information qui véhicule des données précédemment encodées. L individu parfumé est alors un dispositif communicationnel exposé au nez de l interactant. Ce dernier, récepteur de la communication olfactive, infère les intentions communicatives de l individu parfumé à partir de l odeur qu il perçoit. L odeur est un marqueur moral (Le Breton, 2006), révélatrice de ce que nous sommes intrinsèquement, en tant qu individu, la bonté sent bon, tout ce qui est de l ordre du malsain empeste . La thèse montre qu hommes et femmes n ont pas les mêmes impressions olfactives à propos des mêmes parfums, qu il existe des formes de corrélations olfactives en termes d imaginaire d un individu à un autre, indépendamment de l âge et du pays d origine. Conduisant à construire une identité sociale, certains parfums inspirent plus de sympathie, voire de naïveté que d autres. A l inverse, certains provoquent du mépris et même du dégoût.The thesis focuses on olfactory communication involving individuals in position of interactants during "face to face" communication situations. I believe that wearing a fragrance is one form of communicative intent on what the communicating subject aspires to be. In the field of information and communication sciences, olfactory communication is studied in a theoretical context which mobilises resources from interactionism and ethnomethodology. Since wearing perfume appears to be a desire to communicate about our self, I try to understand better the processes of identity construction in conjunction with the self. However as the sense of smell is very intimate, for instance it refers to past olfactory experiences, the quality of a fragrance is a very subjective data. Therefore, my methodology was built according to a protocol based on the concept of interaction (Goffman) in order to handle different contexts of exchanges. The aim is to understand better what role scent plays in various situations of interpersonal communication.A qualitative survey was conducted on 35 subjects from two neighboring countries, Switzerland and France. Each in-depth interview is based on a projective test for which the subject is required to build a representation of a communicating individual according to a scent. The results show that since we cannot "reclaim" the perception of the other, we are forced to infer what he feels according to their behavior and our own experience. The subject infers information on the other he deems appropriate and relevant, based on his experiential background in relation with the perfume he smells: the odor becomes an information device that conveys previously encoded data. The perfumed individual is therefore a communicative device exposed to the nose of the interactant. The latter, receiving olfactory communication, infers the communicative intentions of the fragranced individual from the smell he perceives. The odor is a "moral marker" (Le Breton, 2006), revealing who we truly are as an individual, kindness smells good, everything dodgy "stinks." The thesis shows that men and women have different olfactory impressions about the same scents, that there are forms of correlations in terms of olfactory imagination from one individual to another, regardless of how old they are and where they come from. Some perfumes inspire more sympathy or even more ingenuousness than others in order to lead us towards building a social identity. However, others on the contrary can cause contempt and even disgust.AIX-MARSEILLE2-Bib.electronique (130559901) / SudocSudocFranceF

National Programmes for Mass Surveillance of Personal Data in EU Member States and their Compatibility with EU Law

In the wake of the disclosures surrounding PRISM and other US surveillance programmes, this study makes an assessment of the large-scale surveillance practices by a selection of EU member states: the UK, Sweden, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Given the large-scale nature of surveillance practices at stake, which represent a reconfiguration of traditional intelligence gathering, the study contends that an analysis of European surveillance programmes cannot be reduced to a question of balance between data protection versus national security, but has to be framed in terms of collective freedoms and democracy. It finds that four of the five EU member states selected for in-depth examination are engaging in some form of large-scale interception and surveillance of communication data, and identifies parallels and discrepancies between these programmes and the NSA-run operations. The study argues that these surveillance programmes do not stand outside the realm of EU intervention but can be engaged from an EU law perspective via (i) an understanding of national security in a democratic rule of law framework where fundamental human rights standards and judicial oversight constitute key standards; (ii) the risks presented to the internal security of the Union as a whole as well as the privacy of EU citizens as data owners, and (iii) the potential spillover into the activities and responsibilities of EU agencies. The study then presents a set of policy recommendations to the European Parliament

Perceptions et attentes des patients souffrant de maladie chronique sur les nouveaux services pharmaceutiques officinaux relatifs au pharmacien correspondant (enquête auprès de 102 patients)

La loi HPST et le décret d application du pharmacien correspondant sont venus réformer le métier du pharmacien en précisant ses missions actuelles et en les élargissant. Le pharmacien d officine pourra assurer un suivi pharmaceutique des patients ayant une pathologie chronique. Afin de pouvoir proposer un service se rapprochant au mieux de leurs besoins et favorisant un maximum leur adhésion, il est nécessaire d explorer le point de vue, les attentes et les perceptions des patients vis-à-vis de ces nouvelles missions du pharmacien. Un questionnaire a été construit à partir d une revue de la littérature et de deux entretiens de recherche en groupe composés de 5 et 4 patients. 21 officines et 7 cabinets médicaux ont accepté de participer à l étude en diffusant le questionnaire. Ce dernier a également été diffusé via internet. 389 questionnaires ont été retournés dont 102 complets et respectant les consignes. L étude a permis de mettre en évidence que les patients chroniques sont favorables à la mise en place de ce suivi pharmaceutique. Les éléments auxquels les participants sont particulièrement attachés pour la mise en place de cet entretien et les profils des patients portant un grand intérêt à ces services pharmaceutiques ont pu être identifiés. Plusieurs recommandations pour la mise en place de ce service ont pu être émises : promouvoir les nouvelles missions du pharmacien auprès des patients, développer et encourager la coopération entre les médecins et les pharmaciens, et ré-agencer l espace des officines. Enfin, pour assurer l implantation et le développement des services liés au décret du pharmacien correspondant, il serait nécessaire de prendre en compte également le point de vue des médecins et des pharmaciens.GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocSudocFranceF

The EU and its Counter-Terrorism Policies after the Paris Attacks. Liberty and Security in Europe No. 84, 27 November 2015

This paper examines the EU’s counter-terrorism policies responding to the Paris attacks of 13 November 2015. It argues that these events call for a re-think of the current information-sharing and preventive-justice model guiding the EU’s counter-terrorism tools, along with security agencies such as Europol and Eurojust. Priority should be given to independently evaluating ‘what has worked’ and ‘what has not’ when it comes to police and criminal justice cooperation in the Union. Current EU counter-terrorism policies face two challenges: one is related to their efficiency and other concerns their legality. ‘More data’ without the necessary human resources, more effective cross-border operational cooperation and more trust between the law enforcement authorities of EU member states is not an efficient policy response. Large-scale surveillance and preventive justice techniques are also incompatible with the legal and judicial standards developed by the Court of Justice of the EU. The EU can bring further added value first, by boosting traditional policing and criminal justice cooperation to fight terrorism; second, by re-directing EU agencies’ competences towards more coordination and support in cross-border operational cooperation and joint investigations, subject to greater accountability checks (Europol and Eurojust +); and third, by improving the use of policy measures following a criminal justice-led cooperation model focused on improving cross-border joint investigations and the use of information that meets the quality standards of ‘evidence’ in criminal judicial proceedings. Any EU and national counter-terrorism policies must not undermine democratic rule of law, fundamental rights or the EU’s founding constitutional principles, such as the free movement of persons and the Schengen system. Otherwise, these policies will defeat their purpose by generating more insecurity, instability, mistrust and legal uncertainty for all

The EU Counter-Terrorism Policy Responses to the Attacks in Paris: Towards an EU Security and Liberty Agenda. CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe No. 81/February 2015

This paper examines the main EU-level initiatives that have been put forward in the weeks following the attacks in Paris in January 2015, which will be discussed in the informal European Council meeting of 12 February 2015. It argues that a majority of these proposals predated the Paris shootings and had until that point proved contentious as regards their efficacy, legitimacy and lawfulness. The paper finds that EU counterterrorism responses raise two fundamental challenges: A first challenge is posed to the freedom of movement, Schengen and EU citizenship. Priority is being given to the expanded use of large-scale surveillance and systematic monitoring of all travellers including EU citizens, which stands in contravention of Schengen and the free movement principle. A second challenge concerns EU democratic rule of law. Current pressures calling for the adoption of measures such as the EU Passenger Name Record challenge the scrutiny roles held by the European Parliament and the Court of Justice of the EU on counterterrorism measures in a post-Lisbon Treaty setting. The paper proposes that the EU adopts a new European Agenda on Security and Liberty based on an EU security (criminal justice-led) cooperation model that is firmly anchored in current EU legal principles and rule of law standards. This model would call for ‘less is more’ concerning the use, processing and retention of data by police and intelligence communities. Instead, it would pursue better and more accurate use of data meeting the quality standards of evidence in criminal judicial proceedings

L’ingénierie système au service de la conception d’un parcours de formation

National audienceUn établissement de formation peut être considéré comme un système de production de compétences. Sur la base de cette hypothèse, l’ingénierie système permet de définir, de structurer et d’aider à la conception de parcours de formation. Ainsi, en positionnant le parcours de formation dans la chaîne de valeur du système de production de compétences, cet article présente une réflexion sur l’apport de l’ingénierie système. Deux systèmes sont considérés : le système pour faire (projet d’ingénierie du parcours de formation) et le système à faire (parcours de formation). La conception du parcours demande la définition d’un référentiel basé sur le modèle constructiviste des sciences et de son interprétation. Pour cela, cet article introduit le contexte de définition des compétences requises pour le métier d’ingénieur système. Le parcours de formation doit être considéré comme un service rendu aux apprenants ainsi qu’aux organismes demandeurs de compétences métier spécifiques. Cela conduit à suggérer de développer cette réflexion sur la base des travaux en cours, notamment dans le comité technique de l'AFIS chargé de la formation et des compétences, ainsi que dans celui qui développe une réflexion sur l’ingénierie des systèmes de production de service

Heart of endosymbioses : transcriptomics reveals a conserved genetic program among arbuscular mycorrhizal, actinorhizal and legume-rhizobial symbioses

To improve their nutrition, most plants associate with soil microorganisms, particularly fungi, to form mycorrhizae. A few lineages, including actinorhizal plants and legumes are also able to interact with nitrogen-fixing bacteria hosted intracellularly inside root nodules. Fossil and molecular data suggest that the molecular mechanisms involved in these root nodule symbioses (RNS) have been partially recycled from more ancient and widespread arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. We used a comparative transcriptomics approach to identify genes involved in establishing these 3 endosymbioses and their functioning. We analysed global changes in gene expression in AM in the actinorhizal tree C. glauca. A comparison with genes induced in AM in Medicago truncatula and Oryza sativa revealed a common set of genes induced in AM. A comparison with genes induced in nitrogen-fixing nodules of C. glauca and M. truncatula also made it possible to define a common set of genes induced in these three endosymbioses. The existence of this core set of genes is in accordance with the proposed recycling of ancient AM genes for new functions related to nodulation in legumes and actinorhizal plants

3D advanced integration technology for heterogeneous systems

International audience3D integration technology is nowadays mature enough, offering today further system integration using heterogeneous technologies, with already many different industrial successes (Imagers, 2.5D Interposers, 3D Memory Cube, etc.). CEA-LETI has been developing for a decade 3D integration, and have pursued research in both directions: developing advanced 3D technology bricks (TSVs, µ-bumps, Hybrid Bonding, etc), and designing advanced 3D circuits as pioneer prototypes. In this paper, a short overview of some recent advanced 3D technology results is presented, including some latest 3D circuit's description