DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY METER BASED ON ASTM E1225 STANDARD

The focus of this work is the design, construction and evaluation of a thermal conductivity meter apparatus based on ASTM E- 1225 standard. The thermal conductivity is a heat-transport propriety and with the development of new materials the determination of thermophysical properties for its correct use becomes necessary. The apparatus was projected in CAD software and the material selection was done following the standard recommendations. For the meter bars were used 304 stainless steel, since its thermal conductivity is known. The heater was made with an aluminum cylinder block and a cartridge electric resistance. The cooling system was assembled using a Peltier thermoelectric plate and a fin heat sink equipped with a fan. Lastly, a steel pipe was used for building the guard cylinder. In order to evaluate the apparatus, the first specimen tested was the 304 stainless steel, the same material as the meter bars. The result of thermal conductivity showed an error of 6% relative to the value found in literature. However, in this test the temperature of isothermal guard cylinder was lower than the temperature required by the standard. Thus, the future goals will be the development of a temperature control for the guard cylinder and realization of more tests with different materials

Influência do arsênio e fósforo sobre o crescimento de duas essências florestais

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a influencia da interação de diferentes doses de arsênio (As) e Fósforo (P) no crescimento de mudas com quatro meses de idade, de duas espécies florestais ingá (Inga edulis Mart.) e angico-vermelho [Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.]. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 5x3 sendo 5 doses de As (0,0; 100; 200; 400 e 800 mg dm-3) e 3 doses de P (0,0; 150 e 450 mg dm-3), as amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo foram incubadas com as doses de As e P por período de 15 dias as quais resultaram numa disponibilidade de 0,0; 25,42; 58,88; 188,88 e 382,95 mg dm-3 para As e de 2,56; 72,13 e 221,37 mg dm-3 respectivamente, pelo extrator Mehlich-3. Com apenas 10 dias de exposição as plantas de ingá apresentaram as bordas das folhas basais arroxeadas com clorose internerval, seguida de necrose, sintomas também observado nas plantas de angico, nas doses de 400 e 800 mg dm-3 de As na ausência de P. Esse resultado evidencia que o P reduz a toxicidade das plantas ao As, mesmo em doses elevada. Por outro lado, as doses crescentes de arsênio mesmo na presença do P no solo contribuíram para reduzir significativamente as variáveis de crescimento como produção de matéria seca de raízes e parte aérea, altura e diâmetro de planta e conseqüentemente o incremento de altura e diâmetro de ambas às espécies. Portanto, quando observado as doses de P dentro de cada dose de As, constatamos que a maioria das variáveis estudadas tende a aumentar seus valores médios, principalmente nas plantas de angico. Com isso conclui-se que o efeito da contaminação varia com as espécies, levando-se em consideração os sintomas de toxidez foliar e as variáveis analisadas. As plantas de angico apresentaram-se mais tolerantes que as de ingá, indicando que, possivelmente seja uma planta com potencial para fitorremediação que será confirmada após a análise do material vegetal. e antropogênica. A ciclagem biogeoquímica de As e o fluxo natural desse elemento na biosfera têm sido alterados em função da crescente atividade de mineração e uso de pesticidas e conservantes de madeiras entre outros, que resultam na contaminação do solo e demais componentes dos ecossistemas. Grande esforço tem sido feito visando à recuperação de solos contaminados com As, sendo uma das alternativas para isso o emprego de plantas tolerantes com potencial para extração ou estabilização do contaminante processo conhecido por fitorremediação [1]. Arsenato e fosfato são quimicamente análogos e pode interferir no metabolismo do fosfato, visto que dentro da planta o arsenato é convertido a arsenito que reage com os grupos sulfídril de enzimas e proteínas conduzindo a inibição das funções da célula resultando em morte dos tecidos celulares [7]. Estudos com plantas mostram que arsenato é translocado pelo mesmo sistema de transporte do fosfato e que a presença de fosfato reduz a absorção do arsenato devido a elevada afinidade do sistema de absorção pelo fosfato [7]. O efeito competitivo entre arsenato e fosfato nos solos tem sido demonstrado em diversas pesquisas e em vários países do mundo, porém no Brasil são escassos estudos dessa natureza. O As e o fósforo (P) têm propriedades químicas similares; conseqüentemente, tem comportamentos semelhantes no solo. O P e o As podem competir pelos mesmos sítios de adsorção do solo e absorção pela planta [2]. Estudos indicam que o P adicionado ao solo pode aumentar a fitotoxicidade liberando mais As para solução [6]. Por outro lado, em alguns estudos o fosfato pode reduzir os efeitos tóxicos do arsenato melhorando a nutrição das plantas com fosfato [8, 9], porém esse comportamento parece depender do tipo de solo e da espécie vegetal. Assim, a presença de fósforo em solos contaminado representa um papel importante na fitoextração. O presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a influencia da interação

Programmed buckling by controlled lateral swelling in a thin elastic sheet

Recent experiments have imposed controlled swelling patterns on thin polymer films, which subsequently buckle into three-dimensional shapes. We develop a solution to the design problem suggested by such systems, namely, if and how one can generate particular three-dimensional shapes from thin elastic sheets by mere imposition of a two-dimensional pattern of locally isotropic growth. Not every shape is possible. Several types of obstruction can arise, some of which depend on the sheet thickness. We provide some examples using the axisymmetric form of the problem, which is analytically tractable.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure

TWO RECIPES FROM PORTUGUESE TRADITION OF GILDING ON WOODEN SUPPORT BETWEEN LABORATORY REPRODUCTION AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION

This paper has the main purpose to compile and highlight the first data obtained from experimental studies on docμmented reconstructions of gilded composites performed within a research project on gilding materials and techniques in Portugal (www.gilt-teller.pt) funded by FCT. Two water gilding recipes were appropriately chosen from the treatises written by the Portuguese Filipe Nunes (1615) and José Lopes Baptista de Almada (1749) as being representative for Baroque époque. Based on these recipes, the production of raw materials - “gesso grosso”, “gesso fino”, bole, animal glue (from lamb and goat skins) - was made as faithful as possible. Their application was then performed in laboratory following the indications given by these authors or by treatises of previous époques (e.g. the Bolognese treatise for thawing leather), on plane and curved wooden supports (pine and oak species) using three types of leaf: gold (Au/Ag/Cu) of 22 and 23.75 karat respectively and silver. After the completion of gilding, the samples’ surfaces were divided into areas and on each different finishing layers (wax, animal glue size) and decorations (punching, “esgrafitado”, “estofado”) were applied. An analytical campaign using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on surfaces and cross sections, X-ray diffraction (XRD), microcomputerized tomography (microCT) and colorimetry (CIEL*a*b*) was undertaken in order to characterize the gilded composites and to assess the faithfulness of the reproductions in the laboratory. Correlations between the information given by the recipes and the composition and stratigraphical patterns of the reconstructions can be established. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the difficulties encountered in analyzing real samples and comparing the results with those from reproductions as the number and types of layered materials are not always reproducible. A critical approach is needed and criteria for faithful reproduction of ancient recipes are suggested

Particle production azimuthal asymmetries in a clustering of color sources model

The collective interactions of many partons in the first stage of the collisions is the usual accepted explanation of the sizable elliptical flow. The clustering of color sources provides a framework of partonic interactions. In this scheme, we show a reasonable agreement with RHIC data for pT<1.5 GeV/c in both the dependence of v2 transverse momentum and in the shape of the nuclear modified factor on the azimuthal angle for different centralities. We show the predictions at LHC energies for Pb-Pb. In the case of proton-proton collisions a sizable v2 is obtained at this energy.Comment: To appear in Journal of Physics

Insuficiencia hepática aguda asociada a enfermedades metabólicas hereditarias en ninos pequenos

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric acute liver failure (ALF) due to inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) is a rare life-threatening condition with a poor prognosis. Early intervention may be lifesaving. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical presentation, investigation and outcomes of ALF related to IMD in young children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of children aged up to 24 months, admitted to a tertiary pediatric and neonatal Intensive Care Unit during a 27-year period, fulfilling the ALF criteria, with documented metabolic etiology. RESULTS: From 34 ALF cases, 18 were related to IMD: galactosemia (4), mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) (3), ornithine transcarbamilase deficiency (3), congenital defects of glycosylation (2), tyrosinemia type 1 (2), long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (1), hereditary fructose intolerance (1), classic methylmalonic aciduria (1) and citrulinemia type 1 (1). The median age was 1.3 months. At least one previous suggestive sign/symptom of IMD (vomiting, failure to thrive, hypotonia or developmental delay) was observed in 67% of the cases. The most common physical signs at admission included: hepatomegaly (72%), jaundice (67%) and encephalopathy (44%). The peak laboratorial findings were: mean international normalizad ratio 4.5, median lactate 5mmol/L, mean bilirubin 201μmol/L, median alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 137 UI/L and median ammonia 177μmol/L. One patient was submitted to liver transplant in ALF context (MSD). The mortality rate was 44%. DISCUSSION: The identification of IMD as a frequent cause of ALF allowed specific therapeutic measures and adequate family counselling. Particular clinical features and moderated ALT and bilirubin levels can lead to its suspicion.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio