L'evoluzione della legislazione elettorale e sui partiti politici nella Russia di Putin. Analisi degli effetti sulla competitività del sistema dei partiti

La ricerca ha analizzato la legislazione elettorale e quella sui partiti politici in Russia nella loro evoluzione. Attraverso un puntuale esame delle leggi nelle loro specificità si proveranno a identificare gli obiettivi primari del legislatore fino ad analizzare gli effetti sui partiti politici e, in particolare, su quelli di opposizione. Per quanto concerne la legislazione sui partiti politici sono state analizzate le principali norme nella loro evoluzione. L’attenzione si è rivolta principalmente alle implicazioni sulla competitività del sistema politico e del sistema elettorale a seguito dell’applicazione delle disposizioni approvate, sempre più restrittive e illiberali nel corso degli anni. Al fine di rendere l’analisi quanto più completa possibile e finalizzata a fornire un quadro giuridico più esaustivo sulla competitività del sistema politico, sono state prese in considerazione anche la legislazione sulle elezioni locali e sui media. Infine, l’analisi ha incluso la recente riforma costituzionale del 2020 che ha apportato significative modifiche all’ordinamento russo, delineando gli aspetti ideologico-istituzionali della c.d. “Democrazia sovrana”, forma di governo e di Stato che sembra ormai andata a consolidarsi nella Federazione di Russia.The research analysed electoral and political party legislation in Russia in their evolution. Through a detailed examination of the laws in their specifics, an attempt was made to identify the primary objectives of the legislature and to analyse the effects on political parties and, in particular, on opposition parties. Legislation on political parties has been analysed in its main evolution. The emphasis was primarily on the implications on the competitiveness of the political system and the electoral system as a result of the application of the approved provisions, which have become increasingly restrictive and illiberal over the years. In order to make the analysis as complete as possible and aimed at providing a more comprehensive legal framework on the competitiveness of the political system, legislation on local elections and the media were also examined. Finally, the analysis included the recent 2020 constitutional reform that made significant changes to the Russian legal system, outlining the ideological-institutional aspects of the so-called 'Sovereign Democracy', a form of government and state that now seems to have become consolidated in the Russian Federation

La democrazia “illiberale”: il modello di "democrazia sovrana” in Russia e di "democrazia cristiana” in Ungheria. Origini, similitudini e divergenze.

The article analyses the concepts of “sovereign” democracy in Russia and “illiberal-Christian” democracy in Hungary,  which respectively coincided with the presidencies of Putin and the governments of Orbán. These two experiences show similarities in their conceptualization of illiberal ideas and in the impact they had on institutions and governance. The aim of this work is to investigate Russian and Hungarian illiberal drift, starting from the definition of  “sovereign” and “Christian” democracy, focusing on similarities and differences through a comparative perspective.&nbsp

Analysis of the Barriers to the Uptake of R&D Results in the Power Sector

Power grid vulnerabilities are European wide problems, they cannot be solved individually but require a coordinated European effort. GRID aims at establishing a roadmap for collaborative R&D on power grid security, also based on exchange of information about national, regional and European research projects. Collaborative research programmes might benefit from a mutual exchange of approaches, experiences, and results. However, cross fertilisation may be hampered by existing barriers of an institutional, socio-economic and technical nature. This report investigates barriers to exploitation of national research results in a European context.JRC.G.6-Sensors, radar technologies and cybersecurit

The Smart City Energy Infrastructures at the Savona Campus of the University of Genoa

This paper presents ongoing research activities and technology upgrades carried out by the Power System Research team of the University of Genoa on the Smart City test-bed facilities installed at the Savona Campus. These facilities consist of a Smart Polygeneration Microgrid (SPM) feeding the Campus, of a Smart Energy Building (SEB) connected to the SPM and acting as a \u201cprosumer\u201d and of an Energy Management System (EMS) controlling the Campus generating units and thermal and electrical loads. The SPM, initially set up as a grid-tied system, is now subjected to further improvements in order to be operated in islanded mode. The paper shows that all the aforementioned infrastructures constitute a real example of how to build a sustainable smart city

Planning & Open-Air Demonstrating Smart City Sustainable Districts

The article is focused on the \u201cdemonstration\u201d activities carried out by the University of Genoa at Savona Campus facilities in order to implement the \u201cLiving Lab Smart City\u201d. The idea is to transform the Savona Campus in a Living Lab of the City of the Future: smart technologies in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and energy sectors were installed in order to show a real application of the Smart City concept to population and external stakeholders. Moreover, special attention was given to the environment, personal wellbeing, and social equalities. The sustainable energy Research Infrastructures (RIs) of Savona Campus allowed enhancement of the applied research in degree programs and the collaboration with several companies. In particular, an important partnership with the Italian electric Distribution System Operator (DSO), ENEL S.p.A., started in 2017 to test the capability of these RIs to operate disconnected from the National Grid, relying only on the supply of renewables and storage systems. The \u201cLiving Lab Smart City\u201d is an important action to reduce the carbon footprint of the Savona Campus and to increase the awareness of students, teachers and researchers towards Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutes

Definition and Experimental Validation of a Simplified Model for a Microgrid Thermal Network and its Integration into Energy Management Systems

The present paper aims at defining a simplified but effective model of a thermal network that links the thermal power generation with the resulting temperature time profile in a heated or refrigerated environment. For this purpose, an equivalent electric circuit is proposed together with an experimental procedure to evaluate its input parameters. The paper also highlights the simplicity of implementation of the proposed model into a microgrid Energy Management System. This allows the optimal operation of the thermal network to be achieved on the basis of available data (desired temperature profile) instead of a less realistic basis (such as the desired thermal power profile). The validation of the proposed model is performed on the Savona Campus Smart Polygeneration Microgrid (SPM) with the following steps: (i) identification of the parameters involved in the equivalent circuit (performed by minimizing the difference between the temperature profile, as calculated with the proposed model, and the measured one in a set of training days); (ii) test of the model accuracy on a set of testing days (comparing the measured temperature profiles with the calculated ones); (iii) implementation of the model into an Energy Management System in order to optimize the thermal generation starting from a desired temperature hourly profile

Levelized cost of electricity in renewable energy communities: Uncertainty propagation analysis

[EN]Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) are being deployed all around the World as a technically feasible solution to decreasing users' dependence on fossil fuels. Several demonstration facilities have shown their potential to provide final consumers with clean energy and all associated environmental benefits. However, the economic evaluation of these systems as a whole set is more complex than evaluating generation technologies individually, which can be considered a barrier, and it may be more complicated to calculate its uncertainty with precision. This paper deals with this challenge and adapts a model for the evaluation of the global Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of a polygeneration microgrid to the characteristics of a typical REC, allowing the assessment of the distribution of the LCOE depending on the uncertainty of the input parameters. Thanks to its simple analytical formulation, the proposed model, that can be used for any combination of technologies (both renewable and conventional), provides relevant information on uncertainty propagation in a symbolic way that avoids the need to run numerical simulations or make assumptions on the distribution of the random input parameters. A case study has been presented, considering a typical small electrical REC with photovoltaic plants and micro wind turbines. Although the model can be defined to any market, as a representative example, it has been evaluated according to the current Spanish and Italian regulations, which are analyzed in depth with reference to the scientific literature. Results show that uncertainties in parameter estimates give rise to a very large scatter in the LCOE, pointing out a set of quantities whose role is crucial for a reliable estimate, among which electricity purchase and selling prices, yearly power load, and self-consumption / virtually-shared energy rates stand out.SIPublicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCL

Acynodon adriaticus from Villaggio del Pescatore (Campanian of Italy): anatomical and chronostratigraphic integration improves phylogenetic resolution in Hylaeochampsidae (Eusuchia)

The hylaeochampsid crocodylomorph Acynodon adriaticus, from the uppermost Cretaceous ‘Villaggio del Pescatore’ site, belongs to an early diverging lineage in Eusuchia. Here an additional specimen, MCSNT 57031, is osteologically and osteohistologically described in detail. After integrating this morphological information together with the recent chronostratigraphic recalibration of the site to the loweremiddle Campanian, the tip-dated Bayesian phylogenetic analysis recovers this taxon in a monophyletic clade with the Spanish Acynodon iberoccitanus. Conflicting results from the maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses, and discussion on the intraspecific variability between the specimens assigned to A. adriaticus, highlights the need for a detailed morphological description and integration with an updated phylogenetic scaffold, in order to resolve the monophyly of the genus Acynodon and the relationships of these branches of early diverging eusuchians. The curious discrepancy between morpho- and osteo-skeletal maturity suggest unique ecomorphological adaptations in this Campanian crocodylomorph.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. FJC2020-044836-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISU

Energy management in hybrid systems coupling PV and electrical storage

In this contribution the possible benefits of the integration of a storage system (ST) and a photovoltaic power plant (PV) are investigated by means of a Heuristic Rules System (HRS), used both for the determination of the optimal size of the components and for the power production scheduling. The HRS takes into account the well-known electrical constraints and aims at satisfying the electrical demand following a priority order (PV, ST, main grid). Experimental results in the case of four possible scenarios are presented and discussed

different approaches to ft ir microspectroscopy on x ray exposed human cells

Fourier-Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (μFT-IR) has been usefully applied in the analysis of the complex biological processes occurring during X-ray radiation-cell interaction. Different experimental approaches are available for FT-IR spectra collection (transmission, attenuated total reflection (ATR), and transflection modes) from cells samples. Recently, some problems have been raised about the role of transmitted and reflected components of the infrared beam in transflection mode. For this reason, we investigated two different transflection approaches for collecting spectra from cells exposed to X-ray. In the former approach, cells were grown on MirrIR slides, and for the second approach, cell pellets were prepared. In both cases, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were used. X-ray exposure was performed at doses of 2 and 4 Gy. Spectra were obtained by using both the approaches in the 600–4000 cm−1 spectral range from exposed and not-exposed samples. The main contributions from proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA were clearly evidenced in spectra obtained with the two different acquisition approaches. A comparison among them has been also reported