Un patronato para los «anormales»: primeros pasos en la protección pública a los niños con discapacidad intelectual en España (1910-1936)

In 1910 the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts created the National Council for the Deaf-Mute, Blind and Defectives in order to protect and to be in charge of both sensorial and intellectually disabled people. The aim of this paper is to outline the trajectory of this institution from its creation to the beginning of the Spanish Civil War and to highlight its contribution to the process of institutionalization of assistance to the so-called «abnormal children». The foundation of the Council was based on a very ambitious project that undergone a lot of transformations over time to the beat of ongoing political changes. This instability, along with other internal problems, impeded Council to carry out most of its objectives. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that its activity helped to gain visibility the problem of the intellectually disabled children in Spain and laid the foundations for the development of special education during the first decades of the 20th century.En el año 1910 el Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes creaba el Patronato Nacional de Sordomudos, Ciegos y Anormales con el propósito de proteger y tutelar a personas con discapacidad sensorial e intelectual. El objetivo de este trabajo es trazar la trayectoria de esta corporación desde su creación hasta el comienzo de la Guerra Civil y poner de relieve cuál fue su aportación al proceso de institucionalización de la asistencia a los denominados «niños anormales». La fundación del Patronato respondió a un proyecto muy ambicioso que fue sufriendo transformaciones a lo largo del periodo al compás de los continuos cambios políticos. Esta inestabilidad, a la que se sumaron otros problemas de carácter interno, impidió que la institución cumpliese con la mayoría de los objetivos que se le habían encomendado. No obstante, es indiscutible que su actividad ayudó a que el problema de las personas con discapacidad intelectual adquiriese visibilidad en España y sentó las bases para el desarrollo de la educación especial durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX

La categoría "Infancia Anormal" en la construcción de una taxonomía social en el primer tercio del siglo XX

The present paper tries to study some of the basic rudiments that contributed to the change of paradigm about mental deficiency produced in the first decades of the XXth century. Taking as main sources the Binet and Simon's contributions from France, and the Sante de Sanctis' from Italy, it's analysed the construction of the category "abnormal childhood", relating it to the new and privileged space of observation that supposed the Obligatory School. It concludes with a reflection about the fallacious use of the "intelligence" as "prejudice" in order to establish social taxonomies and meritocracies that they don't make but to justify the human inequality.El presente trabajo pretende estudiar algunos de los principios básicos que intervinieron en el cambio de paradigma que sobre la deficiencia mental se produjo en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Tomando como fuentes principales las aportaciones de Binet y Simon en Francia y de Sante de Sanctis en Italia, se analiza la construcción de la categoría de "infancia anormal", relacionándola con el nuevo y privilegiado espacio de observación que supuso la Escuela Obligatoria. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre la falaz utilización de la "inteligencia" como "prejuicio" para establecer taxonomías sociales y meritocracias que no hacen sino justificar la desigualdad humana

Divulgando nuevas ideas sobre la diversidad humana: la dimensión educativa del discurso sobre la discapacidad en la España franquista

Under Francoism, disability appeared immersed in a complex discourse in which converged, among other things, scientific ideas, sensitivity towards people carrying “deficiencies”, economic interest, and political indoctrination. This paper aims to analyse the “educational” component of this discourse and underscore that not only pretended to improve the living conditions of people listed as “invalid”; but also to obtain the commitment, collaboration and complicity of the whole citizenship to implement measures to reduce the alleged negative impact of disability. Furthermore, we will show how this discourse, which sometimes acquired propaganda dyes, contributed to developing in Franco’s Spain a climate regarding disability that it has not always been favourable to the interests of people with disabilities.A lo largo del Franquismo la discapacidad apareció inmersa en un complejo discurso en el que confluían, entre otras cosas, las ideas científicas, la sensibilidad hacia las personas portadoras de “deficiencias”, el interés económico, y el adoctrinamiento político. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el componente “educativo” de este discurso y poner de manifiesto cómo dicho ingrediente no estuvo únicamente dirigido a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las personas catalogadas de “inválidas”, sino que pretendió también obtener el compromiso, la colaboración y la complicidad del conjunto de la ciudadanía para establecer medidas destinadas a reducir el impacto negativo que, según se sostenía, provocaba la discapacidad. Así mismo, mostraremos cómo dicho discurso, que en ocasiones adquirió tintes propagandísticos, contribuyó a que en la España franquista creciese una forma de contemplar la discapacidad que no siempre fue favorable a los intereses de las personas con discapacidad

De la resignación al inconformismo: movimiento asociativo, familia y discapacidad intelectual en la España de Franco (1957-1975)

The association movement related to intellectual disability started in Spain during the second part of Franco´s dictatorship. Its appearance was rather late with respect to other countries, where associations of families and defenders of people with intellectual disabilities had been going on for some time and were forming larger groups, first European-wide then internationally. Spanish parents were the principal actor of this social movement. They demanded the right of their children to receive a decent education and to have a more secure future beyond that of childhood. From 1959 (the year that first association —ASPRONA— was created in Valencia) until the end of the Franco’s regime more than one hundred family associations were created all over the country. Additionally, in 1964, the Spanish Federation of Societies for the Protection of the Subnormal (FEAPS) was created to liaise with the public administration and be in charge of promoting and helping the other associations. By analysing as main sources bulletins and reports published by these disability organisations, this article explains the rise of parents’ activism, it describes the spread of the self-organised groups and it looks at the way in which these associations built their identities and performed their intended functions. The paper focuses also on the criticisms and problems these groups faced and on the process that led them to take a more confrontational stance.El movimiento asociativo relacionado con la discapacidad intelectual comenzó en España durante la segunda parte de la dictadura Franquista. Su aparición fue relativamente tardía respecto a otros países, donde asociaciones de familias y defensores de las personas con discapacidad intelectual llevaban funcionando algún tiempo y estaban comenzado a formar grupos más grandes, primero a nivel europeo y posteriormente a nivel internacional. Los padres españoles fueron los actores principales de este movimiento social. Ellos reclamaron el derecho de sus hijos a recibir una educación adecuada y a tener un futuro más seguro en su etapa adulta. Desde 1959 (el año en que se creaba la primera asociación –ASPRONA— en Valencia) hasta el final del régimen de Franco se crearon más de un centenar de asociaciones familiares en el territorio nacional. Además, en 1964, se creaba la Federación Española de Asociaciones pro Subnormales (FEAPS) con el objeto de cooperar con la administración pública y encargarse de promover la creación de otras agrupaciones y contribuir a su desarrollo. Utilizando como fuentes principales los boletines e informes publicados por estas asociaciones, este artículo explica la aparición del activismo de los padres, describe la extensión de estos grupos y revisa el modo en que las asociaciones construyeron sus identidades y llevaron a cabo las funciones que se plantearon. El artículo analiza también las críticas y los problemas a los que estos grupos tuvieron que enfrentarse y el proceso que les condujo a asumir un discurso más beligerante al finalizar la dictadura

The architectural drawing: a method of building analysis, a study of unique buildings

The aim of this educational innovation project is the study of the interesting building. In this case the exercises are focused in those similar tasks being currently performed by professionals. The detailed study of a building makes easier the understanding of it, as well as to analyze the building in all its dimensions. First of all, an initial assessment about knowledge and skills of the new students will be performed for the purpose of achieving an optimal adaptation. 1.-The Goals are: Study and analysis of interesting buildings ; Building as a study element for the future professionals in Building ; Analysis of the building elements like educational models, and documentation to be issued for educational purposes. 2. Description of the project and outcome phases Actions: An architectural survey (elevations and sections) of the Unique buildings will be produced ; - The selected buildings will be a nalyzed by producing the plans. Our plan is to use these types of activities to make the students perform similar works to those performed by professionals. In order to encourage the student s to participate in the educational process the following activities are proposed: a) With the aim students can get a better understanding on their achievements we address: - To do a self assessment; -To evaluate the exercises of other mates; -To comment corrections in public presentations; b) To motivate students for documenting the different topics of the subject program ; c) To identify practical exercises; d) To produce practical exercises; e) To increase the awareness of the students at the required exigency level as well as to be aware of their own failures; f) To gain a clear view of the objectives; g) To get a higher level of involvement and participation by the students; h) To acquire skills on finding and selecting, with valuable criteria the useful sources of information; i) To propose the elaboration of a monographic work to be realized in a team of students; j) To computerize the studied models for their publication in the existing educational platforms for the students. A subsequent application of them in the learning program of the Architectural Drawing I and II subjects ; k) To produce open information repositories to be available in the educational platforms. 3. Expected results: To improve and promote the team work in order to increase the exchange of knowledge’s and promote the integration of students in their future professional life. Incorporation of new t echnologies in the learning by: Applying new educational and assessment methodologies to be applied to the students and their works. We intend to continue progressing towards the convergence to the European Space of Higher Education. - The study of singular buildings and their realization on technical drawings by using learning systems with progressive difficulty level; This will allow extending the exercises in the program subject in the area of technical drawing systems and plans survey. This will help the student to know his city and is excellent way of helping us to bring students closer to the professional work, and thus making easier access to a job. What it is the fundamental objective of the university studies

The architectural drawing: a method of building analysis, a study of unique buildings

The aim of this educational innovation project is the study of the interesting building. In this case the exercises are focused in those similar tasks being currently performed by professionals. The detailed study of a building makes easier the understanding of it, as well as to analyze the building in all its dimensions. First of all, an initial assessment about knowledge and skills of the new students will be performed for the purpose of achieving an optimal adaptation. 1.-The Goals are: Study and analysis of interesting buildings ; Building as a study element for the future professionals in Building ; Analysis of the building elements like educational models, and documentation to be issued for educational purposes. 2. Description of the project and outcome phases Actions: An architectural survey (elevations and sections) of the Unique buildings will be produced ; - The selected buildings will be a nalyzed by producing the plans. Our plan is to use these types of activities to make the students perform similar works to those performed by professionals. In order to encourage the student s to participate in the educational process the following activities are proposed: a) With the aim students can get a better understanding on their achievements we address: - To do a self assessment; -To evaluate the exercises of other mates; -To comment corrections in public presentations; b) To motivate students for documenting the different topics of the subject program ; c) To identify practical exercises; d) To produce practical exercises; e) To increase the awareness of the students at the required exigency level as well as to be aware of their own failures; f) To gain a clear view of the objectives; g) To get a higher level of involvement and participation by the students; h) To acquire skills on finding and selecting, with valuable criteria the useful sources of information; i) To propose the elaboration of a monographic work to be realized in a team of students; j) To computerize the studied models for their publication in the existing educational platforms for the students. A subsequent application of them in the learning program of the Architectural Drawing I and II subjects ; k) To produce open information repositories to be available in the educational platforms. 3. Expected results: To improve and promote the team work in order to increase the exchange of knowledge’s and promote the integration of students in their future professional life. Incorporation of new t echnologies in the learning by: Applying new educational and assessment methodologies to be applied to the students and their works. We intend to continue progressing towards the convergence to the European Space of Higher Education. - The study of singular buildings and their realization on technical drawings by using learning systems with progressive difficulty level; This will allow extending the exercises in the program subject in the area of technical drawing systems and plans survey. This will help the student to know his city and is excellent way of helping us to bring students closer to the professional work, and thus making easier access to a job. What it is the fundamental objective of the university studies

Real world data in primary care: validation of diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in primary care electronic medical records and estimated prevalence among consulting patients

Primary care electronic medical records contain clinical-administrative information on a high percentage of the population. Before this information can be used for epidemiological purposes, its quality must be verified. This study aims to validate diagnoses of atrial fibrillation (AF) recorded in primary care electronic medical records and to estimate the prevalence of AF in the population attending primary care consultations. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional validation study of all diagnoses of AF recorded in primary care electronic medical records in Madrid (Spain). We also performed simple random sampling of diagnoses of AF (ICPC-2 code K78) registered by 55 physicians and random age- and sex-matched sampling of the records that included a diagnosis of AF. Electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and hospital discharge or cardiology clinic reports were matched. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and overall agreement were calculated using the kappa statistic (κ). The prevalence of AF in the community of Madrid was estimated considering the sensitivity and specificity obtained in the validation. All calculations were performed overall and by sex and age groups. Results: The degree of agreement was very high (κ = 0.952), with a sensitivity of 97.84%, specificity of 97.39%, PPV of 97.37%, and NPV of 97.85%. The prevalence of AF in the population aged over 18 years was 2.41% (95%CI 2.39–2.42% [2.25% in women and 2.58% in men]). This increased progressively with age, reaching 16.95% in those over 80 years of age (15.5% in women and 19.44% in men). Conclusions: The validation results obtained enable diagnosis of AF recorded in primary care to be used as a tool for epidemiological studies. A high prevalence of AF was found, especially in older patientsThis study forms part of research funded by the FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias—Health Research Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III) grants no. PI13/00632, and co-funded by the European Union through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, “A way of shaping Europe”. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript