Análisis de la distribución de microdureza, contenido mineral y orgánico de dientes humanos, bovinos y ovinos

Objetive. Human teeth have been commonly used for in vitro and in situ studies. Cu­rrently, other animals’ teeth have been purposed for dental research to overcome human teeth’ problematic availability. This study aimed to investigate the enamel and dentin from human, bovine, and ovine teeth concerning the microhardness, organic, and inorganic contents via micro-Raman spectroscopy. Methods. Human, bovine, and ovine teeth were divided according to their type and age into seven groups: Ovine; Bovine-12 months; Bovine-24 months; Bovine-36 months; Bovine-48 months; Bovine-+60 months; Human (control). The enamel’s microhardness (superficial and deep) and dentin (superficial, middle, and deep) were analyzed. The calcium/phosphate ratio and amide contents were determined by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Results. Overall, the microhardness of human enamel was superior to the other species. Dentin’s microhardness was similar among groups. Ovine group showed lower values of calcium/phosphate ratio than human. Amide content was similar between bovine and human. The microhardness and calcium/phosphate ratio of enamel and dentin, respectively, decreased as the age of bovine teeth increased. Conclusions. Researchers must be aware and take into consideration the differences of ovine and bovine enamel compared to human enamel. Other alternatives that are more similar to the microhardness of human enamel should be sought. Bovine teeth of 12 and 24 months are suitable substitutes for dentin of human teeth. Researchers must also be aware of the age of the animals and specify it in the studies.Objetivo. Los dientes humanos se han utilizado comúnmente para estudios in vitro e in situ. Actualmente, los dientes de otros animales se han destinado a la investigación dental para superar la disponibilidad problemática de los dientes humanos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el esmalte y la dentina de los dientes humanos, bovinos y ovinos en relación con la microdureza y los contenidos orgánicos e inorgánicos a través de la espectroscopia micro-Raman. Métodos. Los dientes humanos, bovinos y ovinos se dividieron según su tipo y edad en siete grupos: Ovinos; Bovino-12 meses; Bovino-24 meses; Bovino-36 meses; Bovino-48 meses; Bovino-+60 meses; Humano (control). Se analizó la microdureza del esmalte (superficial y profunda) y de la dentina (superficial, media y profunda). La relación calcio/fosfato y los contenidos de amida se determinaron mediante espectroscopía micro-Raman. Resultados. En general, la microdureza del esmalte humano fue superior a la de otras especies. La microdureza de la dentina fue similar entre los grupos. El grupo ovino mostró valores más bajos de la relación calcio/fosfato que el humano. El contenido de amida fue similar entre bovinos y humanos. La microdureza y la relación calcio/fosfato del esmalte y la dentina, respectivamente, disminuyeron a medida que aumentaba la edad de los dientes bovinos. Conclusiones. El esmalte de los dientes ovinos y bovinos no es un sustituto adecuado del de los dientes humanos. Se deben buscar otras alternativas que sean similares a la microdureza del esmalte humano. Sin embargo, los dientes bovinos de 12 y 24 meses son sustitutos adecuados de la dentina de los dientes humanos. Los investigadores deben conocer la edad de los animales y especificarla en los estudios

Effect of silver nanoparticles on the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of an orthodontic adhesive

Orthodontic treatment with fixed brackets plays a major role on the formation of white spot lesions. Objective This study aimed to incorporate silver nanoparticle solutions (AgNP) in an orthodontic adhesive and evaluate its physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Material and Methods Silver nanoparticle solutions were added to a commercial adhesive in different concentrations (w/w): 0%, 0.11%, 0.18%, and 0.33%. Shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed after bonding metal brackets to enamel. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze in situ the degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesive layer. The surface free energy (SFE) was evaluated after the measurement of contact angles. Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans in liquid and solid media was determined by colony-forming unit count and inhibition halo, respectively. One-way ANOVA was performed for SBS, DC, SFE, and growth inhibition. Results The incorporation of AgNP solution decreased the SBS (

Effect of silver nanoparticles on the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of an orthodontic adhesive

Ortodontiv treatment with fixed brackets plays a mayor role on the formation of white spot lesions. Objective:Tadhesive and evaluate its physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Material and Methods: Silver nanoparticle solutions were added to a commercial adhesive in different concentrations (w/w): 0%, 0.11%, 0.18%, and 0.33%. Shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed after bonding metal brackets to enamel. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze in situ the degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesive layer. The surface free energy (SFE) was evaluated after the measurement of contact angles. Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans in liquid and solid media was determined by colony-forming unit count and inhibition halo, respectively. One-way ANOVA was performed for SBS, DC, SFE, and growth inhibition. Results: The incorporation of AgNP solution decreased the SBS (p<0.001) and DC in situ (p<0.001) values. SFE decreased after addition of 0.18% and 0.33% AgNP. Growth inhibition of S. mutans in liquid media was obtained after silver addition (p<0.05). Conclusions: The addition of AgNP solutions to Transbond™ XT adhesive primer inhibited S. mutans growth. SBS, DC, and SFE values decreased after incorporation up to 0.33% AgNP solution without compromising the chemical and physical properties of the adhesive

Evaluation of an antibacterial orthodontic adhesive incorporated with niobium-based bioglass : an in situ study

This in situ study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-demineralization effects of an experimental orthodontic adhesive containing triazine and niobium phosphate bioglass (TAT) around brackets bonded to enamel surfaces. Sixteen volunteers were selected to use intra-oral devices with six metallic brackets bonded to enamel blocks. The experimental orthodontic adhesives were composed by 75% BisGMA and 25% TEGDMA containing 0% TAT and 20% TAT. Transbond XT adhesive (TXT) was used as a control group. Ten volunteers, mean age of 29 years, were included in the study. The six blocks of each volunteer were detached from the appliance after 7 and 14 days to evaluate mineral loss and bacterial growth including total bacteria, total Streptococci, Streptococci mutans, and Lactobacilli. Statistical analysis was performed using GLM model - univariate analysis of variance for microhardness and 2-way ANOVA for bacterial growth (p<0.05). The 20% TAT adhesive caused no difference between distances from bracket and the sound zone at 10-μm deep after 7 and 14 days. After 14 days, higher mineral loss was shown around brackets at 10- to 30-μm deep for TXT and 0% TAT adhesives compared to 20% TAT. S. mutans growth was inhibited by 20% TAT adhesive at 14 days. Adhesive with 20% TAT showed lower S. mutans and total Streptococci growth than 0% TAT and TXT adhesives. The findings of this study show that the adhesive incorporated by triazine and niobium phosphate bioglass had an anti-demineralization effect while inhibiting S. mutans and total Streptococci growth. The use of this product may inhibit mineral loss of enamel, preventing the formation of white spot lesions

Nanotubos de nitreto de boro como carga para resinas adesivas

O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a incorporação de nanotubos de Nitreto de Boro (BNNT) como carga em uma resina adesiva. Foi formulada uma resina adesiva utilizando-se os seguintes reagentes: 2- hidróxietil metacrilato (HEMA), Bisfenol A glicol dimetacrilato (BisGMA), canforoquinona (CQ) e Etil 4-dimetilaminobenzoato (EDAB). Os BNNTs foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET). O adesivo experimental com diferentes concentrações de BNNT (0, 0,05, 0,075, 0,1 e 0,15%) foi caracterizado quanto ao ângulo de contato e energia livre de superfície (ELS), dureza e amolecimento em solvente (solução de etanol) em microdurômetro, deposição mineral até 14 dias e grau de conversão por espectroscopia Raman e resistência coesiva. O adesivo experimental com diferentes concentrações de BNNT após imersão por 3 h em 65% HNO3 e 48 h em H2O2 foi caracterizado por grau de conversão e cinética de polimerização por Espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), ângulo de contato em dentina por tensiômetro, citotoxicidade por sulforodamina B (SRB) e resistência de união imediata e longitudinal Os resultados da análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão demonstraram nanotubos de nitreto de boro com diâmetros de 5 a 10 nanometros com término fechado. Nenhuma modificação no grau de conversão ocorreu após a incorporação de BNNTs até 0,15%. Os ângulos de contato de água e α-bromonaftaleno aumentaram (p 0,05). Após 6 meses a resistência de união diminuiu significativamente para o grupo 0% e 0,15% BNNT. Entretanto, os grupos que tiveram incorporação de BNNT obtiveram maiores valores que 0% (p 0,05) entre os grupos em comparação ao grupo controle positivo (100% de crescimento). A incorporação de BNNT até 0,15% melhorou as propriedades físico-químicas do adesivo dentário, promoveu deposição mineral e aumentou a estabilidade longitudinal sem apresentar citotoxicidade a fibroblastos, fornecendo benefícios consideráveis frente aos materiais disponíveis no mercado.The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the incorporation of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) into an adhesive resin. An adhesive resin was developed using the following reagents: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate (BisGMA), camphorquinone (CQ) e ethyl 4- dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB). BNNTs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The experimental adhesive with different concentrations of BNNT (0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 e 0.15%) was characterized by contact angle and surface free energy (SFE), hardness and softening in solvent (ethanol solution) by microdurometer, mineral deposition up to 14 days and degree of conversion by Raman spectroscopy and ultimate tensile strength test. The experimental adhesive with different concentrations of BNNT after immersion for 3 h in 65% HNO3 and 48 h in H2O2 was characterized by degree of conversion and polymerization kinetics by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle in dentin by tensiometer, sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity and immediate and longitudinal bond strength. The results of scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed boron nitride nanotubes with diameters of 5 to 10 nanometers with closed end tips No change in degree of conversion occurred after the incorporation of BNNTs up to 0.15%. The contact angles of water and α-bromonaphthalene increased (p 0.05). After 6 months the bond strength decreased significantly for 0% group and 0.15% BNNT. However, the groups that had BNNT incorporation obtained higher values than 0% (p 0.05) among groups compared to the positive control group (100% growth). The incorporation of BNNT up to 0.15% improved the physicochemical properties of dental adhesive, promoted mineral deposition and increased longitudinal stability with no cytotoxicity to fibroblasts, providing considerable benefits against dental materials available in the market

Enamel Roughness Changes after Removal of Orthodontic Adhesive

The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel roughness, quality of the enamel surfaces and time duration comparing different orthodontic adhesive removal protocols. Premolars were used to test three adhesive removal methods (n = 20): five-blade carbide bur, 30-blade carbide bur, and ultrasonic diamond bur. Bracket was bonded using TransbondTM XT adhesive. Roughness with different parameters was measured before bracket bonding and after adhesive remnants removal. Micromorphological analysis of enamel surface (n = 5) was performed by SEM images and categorized in enamel damage index&mdash;&ldquo;perfect&rdquo;; &ldquo;satisfying&rdquo;; &ldquo;imperfect&rdquo;; and &ldquo;unacceptable&rdquo;. Time was measured in seconds. All removal methods caused increased roughness in relation to Ra, Rq, and Rz parameters (X axis) comparing to healthy enamel surface. Enamel surface resulted from removal using five-blade burs was scored as satisfactory. Carbide bur groups decreased the roughness values of Ra, Rq, and Rz parameters on the Y axis and enamel surface was considered unacceptable. The 30-blade group increased symmetry (Rsk) and flattening (Rku) parameters of roughness and surface was scored as unsatisfactory. Diamond bur removed adhesive in 54.8 s, faster than five-blade carbide bur. The five-blade bur group resulted in less enamel roughness than the 30-blade and diamond groups