1,003 research outputs found
Commentary on "international debt and economic instability"
Debt ; Developing countries ; International finance
REDD+ and forest protection on indigenous lands in the Amazon
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) was introduced by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a mechanism to reverse the loss of forests and carbon stocks in developing countries. REDD+ operates on the basis of performanceâbased payments. This article focuses on REDD+ as a marketâbased mechanism in the voluntary carbon market (VCM). It assesses the viability of using REDD+ on indigenous lands in the Brazilian Amazon by examining three key aspects of REDD+âthe legal, technical and market requirementsâin light of recent policy developments in Brazil and under the UNFCCC. REDD+ as a marketâbased mechanism in the VCM currently faces significant barriers as a useful tool for forest protection in the Amazon, due to the lack of an international carbon market under the UNFCCC, the highly complex technical requirements, and the low market demand for REDD+ credits in the VCM. Moreover, we suggest that, although legally possible under Brazilian law, REDD+ projects in the VCM may not be a suitable marketâbased option for indigenous communities in the Amazon due to the current national and international climate policy context
The European COST Action EUBrewNet: towards consistency in quality control, quality assurance and coordinated operations of the Brewer Instrument
PresentaciĂłn realizada en: 10th meeting of the Ozone Research Managers (ORM) como parte de "Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer", celebrado en Ginebra (Suiza) del 28 al 30 de marzo de 2017
Design of an RF-Dipole Crabbing Cavity System for the Electron-Ion Collider
The Electron-Ion Collider requires several crabbing systems to facilitate head-on collisions between electron and proton beams in increasing the luminosity at the interaction point. One of the critical rf systems is the 197 MHz crabbing system that will be used in crabbing the proton beam. Many factors such as the low operating frequency, large transverse voltage requirement, tight longitudinal and transverse impedance thresholds, and limited beam line space makes the crabbing cavity design challenging. The rf-dipole cavity design is considered as one of the crabbing cavity options for the 197 MHz crabbing system. The cavity is designed including the HOM couplers, FPC and other ancillaries. This paper presents the detailed electromagnetic design, mechanical analysis, and conceptual cryomodule design of the crabbing system
HOM Damper Design for BNL EIC 197MHZ Crab Cavity
The interaction region (IR) crab cavity system is a special RF system to compensate the loss of luminosity due to a 25 mrad crossing angle at the interaction point (IP) for Brookhaven National Lab electron ion collider (BNL EIC). There will be six crab cavities, with four 197 MHz crab cavities and two 394 MHz crab cavities, installed on each side of the IP in the proton/ion ring, and one 394 MHz crab cavity on each side of the IP in the electron ring. Both rings share identical 394 MHz crab cavity design to minimize the cost and risk in designing a new RF system, and it will be scaled from 197 MHz crab cavity. In this paper, the higher order mode (HOM) damper design for 197 MHz crab cavity is introduced
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Lake surface temperature [in âState of the Climate in 2017â]
Observed lake surface water temperature anomalies
in 2017 are placed in the context of the recent
warming observed in global surface air temperature
by collating long-term in situ lake
surface temperature observations from some of the
worldâs best-studied lakes and a satellite-derived
global lake surface water temperature dataset. The
period 1996â2015, 20 years for which satellite-derived
lake temperatures are available, is used as the base
period for all lake temperature anomaly calculations
On the Neutral Scalar Sector of the General R-parity Violating MSSM
Starting out from the most general, gauge invariant and renormalizable scalar
potential of the R-parity violating MSSM and performing a calculable rotation
to the scalar fields we arrive at a basis where the sneutrino VEVs are zero.
The advantage of our rotation is that, in addition, we obtain diagonal soft
supersymmetry breaking sneutrino masses and all potential parameters and VEVs
real, proving that the MSSM scalar potential does not exhibit spontaneous or
explicit CP-violation at tree level. The model has five CP-even and four CP-odd
physical neutral scalars, with at least one CP-even scalar lighter than M_Z. We
parametrise the neutral scalar sector in a way that resembles the
parametrisation of the R-parity conserving MSSM, analyze its mass spectrum, the
coupling to the gauge sector and the stability of the potential.Comment: 19 pages, minor changes, published version to appear in PL
Detecting volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes in the Northern Hemisphere using the Brewer spectrophotometer, other networks, and satellite observations
This paper demonstrates that SO 2 columnar amounts have significantly increased following the five
largest volcanic eruptions of the past decade in the Northern Hemisphere. A strong positive signal was detected
by all the existing networks either ground based (Brewer, EARLINET, AirBase) or from satellites (OMI,
GOME-2). The study particularly examines the adequacy of the existing Brewer network to detect SO 2 plumes
of volcanic origin in comparison to other networks and satellite platforms. The comparison with OMI and 45
GOME-2 SO 2 space-borne retrievals shows statistically significant agreement between the Brewer network data
and the collocated satellite overpasses. It is shown that the Brewer instrument is capable of detecting significant columnar SO 2 increases following large volcanic eruptions, when SO 2 levels rise well above the instrumental
noise of daily observations, estimated to be of the order of 2 DU. A model exercise from the MACC project
shows that the large increases of SO 2 over Europe following the BĂĄrĂ°arbunga eruption in Iceland were not
caused by local sources or ship emissions but are clearly linked to the eruption. We propose that by combining
Brewer data with that from other networks and satellites, a useful tool aided by trajectory analyses and modeling
could be created which can be used to forecast high SO 2 values both at ground level and in air flight corridors
following future eruptions
About ergodicity in the family of limacon billiards
By continuation from the hyperbolic limit of the cardioid billiard we show
that there is an abundance of bifurcations in the family of limacon billiards.
The statistics of these bifurcation shows that the size of the stable intervals
decreases with approximately the same rate as their number increases with the
period. In particular, we give numerical evidence that arbitrarily close to the
cardioid there are elliptic islands due to orbits created in saddle node
bifurcations. This shows explicitly that if in this one parameter family of
maps ergodicity occurs for more than one parameter the set of these parameter
values has a complicated structure.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure
WRR4, a broad-spectrum TIR-NB-LRR gene from Arabidopsis thaliana that confers white rust resistance in transgenic oilseed brassica crops
White blister rust caused by Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze is a common and often devastating disease of oilseed and vegetable brassica crops worldwide. Physiological races of the parasite have been described, including races 2, 7 and 9 from Brassica juncea, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively, and race 4 from Capsella bursa-pastoris (the type host). A gene named WRR4 has been characterized recently from polygenic resistance in the wild brassica relative Arabidopsis thaliana (accession Columbia) that confers broad-spectrum white rust resistance (WRR) to all four of the above Al. candida races. This gene encodes a TIR-NB-LRR (Toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat) protein which, as with other known functional members in this subclass of intracellular receptor-like proteins, requires the expression of the lipase-like defence regulator, enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1). Thus, we used RNA interference-mediated suppression of EDS1 in a white rust-resistant breeding line of B. napus (transformed with a construct designed from the A. thaliana EDS1 gene) to determine whether defence signalling via EDS1 is functionally intact in this oilseed brassica. The eds1-suppressed lines were fully susceptible following inoculation with either race 2 or 7 isolates of Al. candida. We then transformed white rust-susceptible cultivars of B. juncea (susceptible to race 2) and B. napus (susceptible to race 7) with the WRR4 gene from A. thaliana. The WRR4-transformed lines were resistant to the corresponding Al. candida race for each host species. The combined data indicate that WRR4 could potentially provide a novel source of white rust resistance in oilseed and vegetable brassica crops
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