Balancing the Scales : The World Bank Sanctions Process and Access to Remedies

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Proteção do Meio Ambiente e arbitragem de investimento: ¿Yin e yang?

This article explores the interactions between international environmental law and international investment law. It discusses existing tools and procedural devices available before international courts and tribunals to promote compliance with emerging principles, standards, the way in which international courts and tribunals have had recourse to environmental protection through treaty interpretation. It then appraises the various ways that environmental protection is referred to in bilateral investment treaties. Finally, the article explores the procedural devices that could be used to take into account/address environmental considerations within the investment framework.Este documento analiza las relaciones entre el derecho internacional del medio ambiente y el derecho internacional de inversión. Así mismo, discute las herramientas existentes y los mecanismos procesales disponibles ante las cortes y los tribunales internacionales para promover el cumplimiento de los principios emergentes, las normas y los compromisos relacionados con la sostenibilidad. Este artículo considera la forma en que las cortes y los tribunales internacionales han recurrido a la protección del medio ambiente mediante la interpretación de tratados. También, evalúa las diferentes formas a que hace referencia la protección del medio ambiente en tratados de inversión bilateral. Finalmente, el texto examina los dispositivos procesales que podrían ser usados para tener en cuenta y tratar las consideraciones medioambientales dentro del marco de referencia de la inversión.Este documento analisa as relações entre o Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente e o Direito Internacional de Investimento. Igualmente, discute as ferramentas existentes e os mecanismos processais disponíveis ante as cortes e os tribunais internacionais para promover o cumprimento dos princípios emergentes, as normas e os compromissos relacionados com a sustentabilidade. Este artigo considera a forma em que as cortes e os tribunais internacionais têm recorrido à proteção do meio ambiente por meio da interpretação de tratados. Também, avalia as diferentes formas a que faz referência a proteção do meio ambiente em Tratados de Investimento Bilateral. Finalmente, o documento examina os dispositivos processais que poderiam ser usados para ter em conta e tratar as considerações meio ambientais dentro do marco de referência do investimento

Interactions between Regional and Universal Organizations - A Legal Perspective

Cooperation through international organizations is fundamental to the international legal order. International organizations are nowadays ubiquitous and come in many different manifestations, each allowing for different levels of international cooperation. The profile of regional and universal organizations may vary greatly from one organization to another. At the same time, they do not live apart and this has led to the creation of a complex network of relationships. These relationships have seldom been the object of scholarship, and this book seeks to address that gap. In general, the relationships between international organizations can give rise to such issues as the conditions placed upon one organization by another, demarcations of competence, membership of other organizations, and various forms of collaboration involving the conclusion of agreements between organizations. Optimal coexistence, cooperation and coherence all play a role in optimizing the relations between international organizations. The volume concludes by analysing current challenges, including those of legal identity, responsibility and accountability, as well as making proposals for reform, such as through the development of a common law between organizations