Advances on Dipterology in the 21st century and extinction rates

At least one million extant insect species have been described on Earth, of which 150,000 belong to the megadiverse order Diptera. We here synthesize data from the last 15 years of taxonomic work in Diptera, mapping the world taxonomic productivity in the order. Our data shows an increasing importance of China and Brazil in taxonomic production, along with other traditional centres such as the USA and Europe. We correlate our database with estimates of extinction rates to determine the amount of basic taxonomic research still necessary to have the description of the fly diversity before extinction. Due to the growing recent extinction rates, it is unlikely that we will be able to entirely describe unknown fly diversity before their demise. Even considering that is still a constant and increasing speed of new species description, raising the number of active dipterists in the world is an urgent priority and the only real solution

Um panorama atual sobre a filogenia de Metazoa: conflitos e concordâncias

Metazoa is the grouping that brings together all the animals, a target that has been the subject of fervent debate for decades. The roots of understanding about their phylogenetic relationships arose through observations of morphological characteristics, which nurtured from the perspective of common ancestry became the basis for the first systematizations. New positions were proposed from the advent of molecular techniques and data, but several problems remain unresolved. In this review we present changes in the positions of some of the most conflicting groups of Metazoa. We conclude by pointing out gaps and paths to be traveled in the near future with the objective of improving the scientific understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of animals and their characters. As relações evolutivas dentro de Metazoa são alvos de debates há décadas. As raízes da compreensão de seus relacionamentos filogenéticos surgiram através da análise de características morfológicas, seguidas de técnicas moleculares cada vez mais sofisticadas, como a filogenômica. Estudos provenientes de dados moleculares trouxeram grandes contribuições propondo novas hipóteses, mas neste momento ainda existem incertezas advindas de problemas de amostragem e técnicas moleculares, resultando em lacunas de conhecimento. No presente trabalho discutimos hipóteses da literatura sobre o posicionamento de alguns táxons chave na evolução dos animais, como Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa e Chaetognatha, além de discutir relações internas de grupos mais diversos, como Ecdysozoa, Spiralia e Deuterostomia. Por fim, discutimos suas implicações e consequências para o entendimento das relações entre os metazoários e suas trajetórias evolutivas

Appendix I

Phylogenetic matrix of Amphineurus (Rhamphoneurus

Tipula urophora 1938

<p> <b>urophora</b> (Alexander), 1938a: 429 (<i>Tipula</i>). Type locality: Ecuador, Los Rios, Playas de Montalvo. Distributions: Colombia (Boyacá, Muzo: Alexander, 1938a), Ecuador.</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt

Leptotarsus (Pehlkea) columbianus 1912

<p> <b>columbianus</b> (Enderlein), 1912: 15 (<i>Pehlkea</i>). Type locality: “ Colombia ”. Distr.: Colombia.</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt

Tipula multimoda 1938

<p> <b>multimoda</b> (Alexander), 1938b: 328 (<i>Tipula</i>). Type locality: Colombia, Puerto Boyacá, Magdalena Basin. Distr.: Colombia (Boyaca, Puerto Boyacá, Magdalena: Alexander, 1938b).</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt

Teucholabis Osten Sacken 1860

<p> Subgenus <b>Teucholabis</b> Osten Sacken</p> <p> <b>Teucholabis</b> Osten Sacken, 1860: 222 (as genus). Type species, <i>Teucholabis complexa</i> Osten Sacken, 1860 (monotypic).</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt

Toxorhina atripes 1922

<p> <b>atripes</b> (Alexander), 1922b: 48 (<i>Toxorhina</i>). Type locality: Colombia, Condoto. Distr.: Colombia (Choco, Condoto: Alexander, 1922b).</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt

Neolimonia cordillerensis 1913

<p> <b>cordillerensis</b> (Alexander), 1913a: 196 (<i>Dicranomyia</i>). Type locality: Colombia, Cauca, Valle de Las Papas. Distr.: Colombia (Cauca, Valle de Las Papas: Alexander, 1913a).</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt

Helius Lepeletier & Serville 1828

<p> Subgenus <b>Helius</b> Lepeletier & Serville, 1828</p> <p> <i>Megarhina</i> Lepeletier and Serville, 1828: 585 (as genus). Type species, <i>Limnobia longirostris</i> Meigen, 1818 (monotypic). <b>Helius</b> Latreille <i>et al</i>., 1828: 655 (as genus). Type species, <i>Limnobia longirostris</i> Meigen, 1818 (autom.).</p> <p> <i>Leptorhina</i> Stephens, 1829: 243 (as genus). Type species, <i>Limnobia longirostris</i> Meigen, 1818 (monotypic).</p> <p> <i>Rhamphidia</i> Meigen, 1830: 281 (as genus). Type species, <i>Limnobia longirostris</i> Meigen, 1818 (designation: Westwood, 1840).</p>Published as part of <i>Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1)</i> on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/258304">http://zenodo.org/record/258304</a&gt