Bioenergy and water

Bioenergy is the production of renewable energy from organic material. It corresponds to three main feedstock categories (agriculture, forestry & waste) for three main uses (transport, heat & electricity). The development of bioenergy is often retained as a positive option due to its contribution to the mitigation of climate change, agricultural and rural development, energy security, innovation policies. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised during the last few years about risks or bad practices, sometimes evolving into large scale controversy, especially in relation to GHG emissions. The need to ensure that bioenergy development will be based on sustainable water management is essential, taking into account the need to increase food production and to accommodate simultaneously other uses of water resources, both for quantity & quality. This publication thus contains data and information related to methodologies of impact assessment, practical case studies, scenario analysis, discussion of sustainability certification schemes, all focusing on bioenergy & water. This publication has been prepared as a follow-up of the Session on Bioenergy & Water of the Sixth World Water Forum (Marseille, 2012). This document was prepared by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, with the support of the Twente University (Netherlands) and of the International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 43 (Biomass Feedstock for Energy Markets). This Report is based on scientific contributions from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, the International Energy Agency, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden and the United States. This document is aiming to be a useful reference for those interested in the sustainability of bioenergy and a contribution to the diffusion of good practices of water management at global, national or local level.JRC.F.7-Renewable Energ

Evaluation of energy potential of Municipal Solid Waste from African urban areas

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Comparação de dados dos satélites Ikonos-II e Landsat/ETM+ no estudo de áreas cafeeiras Comparison between Ikonos-II and Landsat/ETM+ satellites data in the study of coffee areas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto do aumento da resolução espacial e radiométrica da imagem pancromática do Ikonos-II na identificação de plantios de café (Coffea arabica), em comparação com as imagens do Landsat/ETM+. A área de estudo está localizada no Município de Pedregulho, SP, onde foram selecionados 50 talhões com plantios de café, e foram levantados dados referentes à altura, idade, espaçamento e variedade de cada talhão. As imagens permitiram a identificação de talhões com características diferentes em campo, tendo-se destacado a imagem do Ikonos-II, que apresentou melhor desempenho. Para os talhões com características iguais em campo, as imagens analisadas não se mostraram eficientes, independentemente do satélite utilizado. As correções atmosféricas e radiométricas, na imagem do Ikonos-II, não proporcionaram ganho efetivo nas análises realizadas. A maioria dos talhões identificados na imagem do Ikonos-II pode ser localizada na imagem do Landsat/ETM+ (68%). A correlação significativa entre a banda 4 do Landsat/ETM+ e o canal pancromático do Ikonos-II indica uma forma de ligação entre as imagens dos dois satélites.<br>The objective of this work was to assess the impact of the better spatial and radiometric resolutions of the Ikonos-II panchromatic image, for the identification of coffee (Coffea arabica) planting areas, in comparison with a Landsat/ETM+ image. The area of study is situated in the city of Pedregulho, State of São Paulo, Brazil, where 50 coffee fields were selected. Information about plants features, like height, age, spacing and variety were collected. Images allowed the identification of coffee areas with different field features, and the calibrated Ikonos-II image showed the best results. Considering the areas with similar field features, images from both satellites were not efficient in the coffee identification. The atmospheric and radiometric corrections applied on the Ikonos-II image did not improve the analyses results. More than half of the identified areas in the Ikonos-II image could be found in the Landsat/ETM+ image (68%). The significant correlation between Landsat/ETM+ band 4 and Ikonos-II panchromatic channel shows a link between both satellite images