DMCII Geometric Quality Testing for CAP Control with Remote Sensing Programme - Initial Findings

This report presents the geometric quality results recorded for the two samples of the DMC2 orthorectified products (processing level 1T) acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site. It was shown that the average 1-D RMSE for the DMC2 L1T ortho product are 22m and 21m of Easting and Northing direction respectively (i.e. about 1 pixel accuracy), or 25m and 24m if point identification error is included. These values are valid if orthorectified SPOT5 Sumermode is used as reference data. These geometric quality results are very promising, however, it should be borne in mind that the tested DMC2 samples are very limited (i.e. two samples). Further testing is required, especially for diverse terrains and images characterised by high satellite inclination angle.JRC.DG.G.3 - Monitoring agricultural resource

Distinguishing the opponents in the prisoner dilemma in well-mixed populations

Here we study the effects of adopting different strategies against different opponent instead of adopting the same strategy against all of them in the prisoner dilemma structured in well-mixed populations. We consider an evolutionary process in which strategies that provide reproductive success are imitated and players replace one of their worst interactions by the new one. We set individuals in a well-mixed population so that network reciprocity effect is excluded and we analyze both synchronous and asynchronous updates. As a consequence of the replacement rule, we show that mutual cooperation is never destroyed and the initial fraction of mutual cooperation is a lower bound for the level of cooperation. We show by simulation and mean-field analysis that for synchronous update cooperation dominates while for asynchronous update only cooperations associated to the initial mutual cooperations are maintained. As a side effect of the replacement rule, an "implicit punishment" mechanism comes up in a way that exploitations are always neutralized providing evolutionary stability for cooperation

THEOS Geometric Image Quality Testing - Initial Findings

This report summarizes the initial outcome of the geometric quality testing of the panchromatic, pan-sharpening and multispectral THEOS images (level 1A and 2A) acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site for the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) Control with Remote Sensing (CwRS) Programme. Based on the limited K2, THEOS and DMCII sample images that were made available to us the THEOS PAN orthoimage can reach 2m accuracy provided that a dedicated rigorous model based on at least 9 well-defined, well-distributed ground control points (GCPs) of high accuracy (i.e. RMSEx,y < 0.90m) is applied; while the orthorectified THEOS 1B MS product accuracy can reach 6.8m, provided that a dedicated rigorous model based on at least 9 well-distributed GCPs of appropriate accuracy is appliedJRC.DG.G.3-Monitoring agricultural resource

Geometric Quality Testing of the Kompsat-2 Image Data Acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site using ERDAS LPS and PCI GEOMATICS remote sensing software

This report presents the geometric quality results recorded for the four samples of the Kompsat-2 radiometrically corrected images (processing level 1R) acquired over the JRC Maussane Terrestrial Test Site. The objective of this study is threefold: - to evaluate the planimetric accuracy in a routine basis production of orthorectified Kompsat-2 imagery; - to determine the optimal number and spatial distribution of the GCPs (Ground Control Points) for the Kompsat-2 orthorectification process; - to check if the orthorectified imagery of the Kompsat-2 optical sensor fall within the required accuracy criteria for the CwRS 1:10.000 scale of absolute 1-D RMSE of < 2.5m. The key issues identified during the geometric quality testing based on the limited Kompsat-2 sample images that were made available to us are as follows: 1. The 1-D RMS errors measured on the final K2 orthoimage after the single scene correction applying either the PCI rigorous model or the PCI RPC-based or the ERDAS RPC-based model are not sensitive to the number of GCPs used if they are well-distributed and range between 9 and 15 (provided a DTM with 0.6m vertical accuracy); and are sensitive to the overall off-nadir angle and increase with increasing off-nadir angle. 2. The average 1-D RMSE are 2.1m and 4m, while the maximum 1-D RMSE values are 3.2m and 6.2m of Easting and Northing direction respectively, provided a DTM with 0.6m vertical accuracy, and the GCPs with 0.05m < RMSEx, RMSEy < 0.90m are used. 3. The orthorectified Kompsat-2 imagery do not fall within the accuracy criteria of the CwRS 1:10.000 scale requirements, i.e. an absolute 1-D RMSE of < 2.5m (tab.20) except where the imagery is characterised by an overall off-nadir angle close to zero degrees and the rigorous model or first order Rational Polynomial sensor model is applied.JRC.DG.G.3 - Monitoring agricultural resource

Geometric Quality Testing of the WorldView-2 Image Data Acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site using ERDAS LPS, PCI Geomatics and Keystone digital photogrammetry software packages - Inital Findings

This report presents the geometric quality results recorded for the five samples of the WorldView-2 Basic and Standard (processing level 1A and 2A) imagery acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site. Different mathematical models of the WV2 sensor were tested, i.e. RPC-based and rigorous models implemented into PCI Geomatics, Keystone Spacemetric, and ERDAS IMAGINE& LPS software based on the following auxiliary data: - several configurations (eg. 9, 6, 4) of equally distributed GCPs of 0.1m<RMSEx,y,z<0.6m; - DEM of 2m grid and RMSEz=0.6m; - 12 well-distributed independent check points (ICPs) of RMSEx,y,z<0.6m. The preliminary results of the analysis show that the 1-D RMSE of the WV2 image characterised by large off-nadir angle, i.e. greater than 30 degrees (or elevation angle less than 56 deg) is close to or below the 2.5m EU acceptable threshold. Further testing is required, especially for less accurate DTM data, diverse terrains and images characterised by high satellite inclination angle. Consequently, this report recommends that at least 6 (or 9 in areas with terrain slope diversity or high off-nadir angle) well-distributed ground control points during the WV2 sensor modelling phase using the Rational Functions mathematical model should be used. The rigorous model requires a minimum 9 or more ground control points. Accuracy requirements for auxiliary date, i.e. ground control points and DEM, given in ¿Guidelines for Best Practice and Quality Checking of Ortho Imagery¿ should be strictly followed.JRC.DG.G.3-Monitoring agricultural resource

Geometric Quality Testing of the WorldView-2 Image Data Acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site using ERDAS LPS, PCI Geomatics and Keystone digital photogrammetry software packages – Initial Findings with ANNEX

This report presents the geometric quality results recorded for the five samples of the WorldView-2 Basic and Standard (processing level 1A and 2A) imagery acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site. In order to quantify the influence of ground control points and the incidence angle on orthoimage geolocation accuracy, several configurations of well-distributed GCPs (of 0.1m<RMSEx,y,z<0.6m) were set up, and the WV2 images characterised by various off-nadir angles were tested. Accuracy investigations were performed using different mathematical models of the WV2 sensor were tested, i.e. RPC-based and rigorous models implemented into PCI Geomatics, Keystone Spacemetric, and ERDAS IMAGINE& LPS software based on the accurate DEM of 2m grid and RMSEz=0.6m. The horizontal accuracy assessment included computing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the residuals between the positions measured on the final product (orthoimage) and the reference positions of the 12 well-distributed independent Check Points (of RMSEx,y,z<0.6m) for each horizontal component (East, North). The results lead to the following main conclusions: The one-dimensional RMS error based on the manual measurement of a set of well-distributed Independent Check Points (ICPs) on the WV2 orthoimage: • is sensitive to the number of GCPs and decreases with increasing number of GCPs (fig. 9,10); • increases with increasing off-nadir angle and can reach the value of 2.5 WV-2 pixels for 30°(or higher) off-nadir angle provided 4-9 well-distributed GCPs with mean RMSEx,y < 0.6m and a DTM with 0.6m vertical accuracy is used (fig. 15, 16, 17, 18); • falls within the CwRS prime sensor accuracy criteria, i.e. an absolute 1-D RMSE of < 2.5m, based on 4 (or more) well-distributed GCPs with mean RMSEx,y < 0.6m, provided a DTM with 0.6m vertical accuracy used. The report recommends that at least 6 (or 9 in areas with terrain slope diversity and/or high off-nadir angle) well-distributed ground control points during the WV2 sensor modelling phase using the Rational Functions mathematical model should be used. The rigorous model requires a minimum 9 or more ground control points. Accuracy requirements for auxiliary date, i.e. ground control points and DEM, given in ‘Guidelines for Best Practice and Quality Checking of Ortho Imagery’ should be strictly followed.JRC.H.4-Monitoring agricultural resource

Sensitivity of the WorldView-2 satellite orthoimage horizontal accuracy with respect to sensor orientation method, number and distribution of ground control points, satellite off-nadir angles and strip length

Imagery acquired by the WorldView-2 (WV2) sensor is of potential interest to the Control with Remote Sensing (CwRS) Programme of the European Commission and therefore needs to be assessed. In details, the horizontal accuracy of the orthoimages which can be derived from WV2 imagery have to be concerned, recalling that in order to qualify WV2 as a Very High Resolution (VHR) prime sensor (i.e. a sensor suitable for measuring parcel areas to the accuracy requested by the Common Agriculture Policy - CAP regulation), the CwRS guidelines requires that the one-dimensional RMSE error (i.e. in the East and North components) measured on the external Check Points - CPs for any orthoimage should not exceed 2.5 m. This report summarizes the results regarding the orientation tests of the five WorldView-2 Panchromatic (WV2 PAN) images acquired over the JRC Maussane Test Site (Provence, Southern France), two Pan-sharpened (WV2 PANSHP) images (COSE_MODE_1) acquired over Cosenza Test Site (Southern Italy) and 9 Pan-sharpned (WV2 PANSHP) scenes (COSE_MODE_3) acquired over Cosenza Test Site (Southern Italy), carried out with Geomatica (PCI Geomatics), ERDAS Imagine 2011 and SISAR software, using both Rigorous model and Rational Polynomial Functions (RPFs) model with Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs). The Hold-Out-Validation accuracy assessment method (HOV) was considered, computing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the residuals between the estimated and the reference positions of the Check Points (CPs) for each horizontal component (East, North) varying the number of the GCPs. In addition the Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOCV) method was been used to identify possible outliers.JRC.H.4-Monitoring Agricultural Resource

An attempt to observe economy globalization: the cross correlation distance evolution of the top 19 GDP's

Economy correlations between the 19 richest countries are investigated through their Gross Domestic Product increments. A distance is defined between increment correlation matrix elements and their evolution studied as a function of time and time window size. Unidirectional and Bidirectional Minimal Length Paths are generated and analyzed for different time windows. A sort of critical correlation time window is found indicating a transition for best observations. The mean length path decreases with time, indicating stronger correlations. A new method for estimating a realistic minimal time window to observe correlations and deduce macroeconomy conclusions from such features is thus suggested.Comment: to be published in the Dyses05 proceedings, in Int. J. Mod Phys C 15 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Experiments in randomly agitated granular assemblies close to the jamming transition

We present here the preliminary results obtained for two experiments on randomly agitated granular assemblies using a novel way of shaking. First we discuss the transport properties of a 2D model system undergoing classical shaking that show the importance of large scale dynamics for this type of agitation and offer a local view of the microscopic motions of a grain. We then develop a new way of vibrating the system allowing for random accelerations smaller than gravity. Using this method we study the evolution of the free surface as well as results from a light scattering method for a 3D model system. The final aim of these experiments is to investigate the ideas of effective temperature on the one hand as a function of inherent states and on the other hand using fluctuation dissipation relations.Comment: Contribution to the volume "Unifying Concepts in Granular Media and Glasses", edt.s A. Coniglio, A. Fierro, H.J. Herrmann and M. Nicodem