EFEITOS DO PROTOCOLO DE ESTRESSORES SOBRE A PREFERÊNCIA DE ÁGUA COM SACAROSE EM RATOS

The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) on the preference for sucrose solution in rats at a continuous regimen of water deprivation in order to keep their weights at 85% ad lib. Ten male Wistar rats were submitted to 13 tests of consumption of water with and without sucrose, one of these subjects being exclusively exposed to those tests. Of the remaining subjects, one was also submitted to CMS for six consecutive weeks and besides that eight rats were also submitted to operant sessions (Concurrent VIVI). The results showed that the submission to CMS was not followed by a decrease (p > 0.05) in the preference for water with sucrose neither in the consumption tests, nor in operant sessions independently of the experimental condition. However, it was detected a significant decrease (p 0,05), nem nos testes de consumo, nem nas sessões operantes, independentemente da condição experimental. Entretanto, observou-se uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) no consumo de ração na gaiola viveiro enquanto os animais estavam sendo submetidos ao PE. Sugere-se que a redução no consumo de ração na gaiola viveiro seja uma medida alternativa para avaliar a diminuição do valor reforçador de um estímulo decorrente da exposição ao PE.Palavras-chave: Estressores crônicos moderados, privação, modelo animal, esquema concorrente VIVI, anedonia

Brazilian Diabetes Society consensus statement: intensive insulin therapy and insulin pump therapy

This article reports the Brazilian Diabetes Society consensus statement on intensive insulin therapy and insulin pump therapy, arrived at during an update symposium held in 2003 for this specific purpose. The concepts underlying these modalities of diabetes treatment are outlined, their fundaments are given, and practical issues about their indications, feasibility, limits, techniques and cost-benefit relationships are analyzed. The techniques comprise the suggested self-monitoring schedules and the insulin doses, types, forms of administration and correction factors used in each modality of intensive treatment, for both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The roles of SBD in the implementation of these treatments and of the different professionals involved are discussed and commented. The conclusions are based on consensual answers to some orienting questions formulated during the symposium's presentation.Este artigo relata a posição de consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes sobre a insulinoterapia intensiva e a terapêutica com bombas de infusão de insulina, obtida durante simpósio de atualização realizado especificamente para esta finalidade, em 2003. Estas modalidades de tratamento do diabetes são aqui conceituadas, seus fundamentos são colocados, e os aspectos práticos de indicações, exeqüibilidade, limites, técnicas e relação custo-benefício são analisados. As técnicas envolvem os esquemas de auto-monitorização glicêmica sugeridos e as doses, tipos, formas de administração da insulina e fatores de cálculo utilizados em cada modalidade de tratamento intensivo, tanto no DM1 quanto no DM2. O papel da SBD na implementação dos tratamentos intensivos do diabetes e a atuação dos vários profissionais envolvidos são discutidos e comentados. Conclui-se com as respostas de consenso a questões orientadoras do tema, formuladas na apresentação do simpósio.Sociedade Brasileira de DiabetesUniversidade de São PauloHospital Geral de GoiâniaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade Federal do ParanáUniversidade Federal de PernambucoUNIFESPSciEL

Initial impact and cost of a nationwide population screening campaign for diabetes in Brazil: A follow up study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In 2001 Brazilian citizens aged 40 or older were invited to participate in a nationwide population screening program for diabetes. Capillary glucose screening tests and procedures for diagnostic confirmation were offered through the national healthcare system, diagnostic priority being given according to the severity of screening results. The objective of this study is to evaluate the initial impact of the program.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Positive testing was defined by a fasting capillary glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or casual glucose ≥ 140 mg/dL. All test results were tabulated locally and aggregate data by gender and clinical categories were sent to the Ministry of Health. To analyze individual characteristics of screening tests performed, a stratified random sample of 90,106 tests was drawn. To describe the actions taken for positive screenees, a random sub-sample of 4,906 positive screenees was actively followed up through home interviews.</p> <p>Main outcome measures considered were the number of diabetes cases diagnosed and cost per case detected and incorporated into healthcare.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 22,069,905 screening tests performed, we estimate that 3,417,106 (95% CI 3.1 – 3.7 million) were positive and that 346,168 (290,454 – 401,852) new cases were diagnosed (10.1% of positives), 319,157 (92.2%) of these being incorporated into healthcare. The number of screening tests needed to detect one case of diabetes was 64. As many cases of untreated but previously known diabetes were also linked to healthcare providers during the Campaign, the estimated number needed screen to incorporate one case into the healthcare system was 58. Total screening and diagnostic costs were US$26.19 million, the cost per diabetes case diagnosed being US$ 76. Results were especially sensitive to proportion of individuals returning for diagnostic confirmation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This nationwide population-based screening program, conducted through primary healthcare services, demonstrates the feasibility, within the context of an organized national healthcare system, of screening campaigns for chronic diseases. Although overall costs were significant, cost per new case diagnosed was lower than previously reported. However, cost-effectiveness analysis based on more clinically significant outcomes needs to be conducted before this screening approach can be recommended in other settings.</p

Comparison of venous plasma glycemia and capillary glycemia for the screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Japanese-Brazilian community of Mombuca (Guatapará-SP)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To identify the most appropriate cut-off points of fasting glycemia for the screening of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) with the comparison of the properties of capillary glycemia (CG) and venous blood plasma glycemia (PG) in a population of Japanese origin from the community of Mombuca, Guatapará - SP, Brazil.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a population-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 131 individuals of both genders aged 20 years or more (66.8% of the target population). CG was measured with a glucometer in a blood sample obtained from the fingertip and PG was determined by an enzymatic method (hexokinase) in venous blood plasma, after a 10-14 hour fast in both cases. Data were analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in order to identify the best cut-off point for fasting glycemia (CG and PG) for the diagnosis of DM, using the 2-hour plasma glycemia > 200 mg/dl as gold - standard.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The ROC curve revealed that the best cut-off point for the screening of DM was 110 mg/dl for CG and 105 mg/dl for PG, values that would optimize the relation between individuals with positive and false-positive results. The area under the ROC curve was 0.814 for CG (p < 0.01) and 0.836 for PG (p < 0.01).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The cut-off points of 105 mg/dl(5.8 mmol/l) for PG and of 110 mg/dl(6.1 mmol/l) for CG appear to be the most appropriate for the screening of DM2 in the population under study, with emphasis on the fact that the value recommended for CG is 5 mg/dl higher than that for PG, in contrast to WHO recommendations.</p