Application of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture To Agriculture dan Industry

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New Vistas are Opened for Sorghum Improvement by Genetic Transformation

Transgenic fertile sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were obtained by microprojectile bombardment of immature embryo and immature inflorescence explants. Regeneration from the calli was through embryogenesis and organogenesis pathways, resulting in both the uniformly transformed and chimeric plants. Plant regeneration occurred on media supplemented with bialaphos. Microprojectile bombardment resulted in plants resistant to the herbicide and exhibited phosphinothricin acetyltransferase activity. The presence of bar, uMa and luc genes in the T[o] plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. The herbicide resistance was inherited in T[1] plants.Les plantes transgeniques fertiles de surgho (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench ) etaient obtenues par bombardement de microprojectiles d'embryons immatures et d'explants d'inflorescences immatures. La regeneration a partit de cales a lieu a travers l'embryogenese et l'organogenese qui resultent en la formation des plants uniformement transformes et des chimeres. La regeneration des plantes se fait sur des milieux ayant obtenu un supplement de bialaphos. Le bombardement des microprojectiles a abouti a la production des plants resistants aux herbicides et presentant l'activite phosphinothricine acetyltransferase. La presence des genes bar, uida et luc sur les plants T[o] a ete confirmee a l'aide de l'analyse southern blot du DNA genomique. La resistance a l'herbicide etait herite par les plants en T[1]

Psychological and Biological Perspectives on Altruism

This paper presents the case for viewing altruism as an inherent part of human nature. The argument is first made that 'inclusive fitness', the key concept in modern evolutionary biology, dictates that (a) humans are programmed not only to be egoistic but also, under certain conditions, to help another at cost to themselves; and (b) what was selected was not altruistic action but mediators of action, because this provided the necessary flexibility. Psychological evidence is then presented that complements this view. Thus (a) there appears to a general human tendency to help others in distress, which has properties analagous to egoistic motivation and yet comes into play independently of egoistic motivation; and (b) the evolutionary requirements for a mediating mechanism appear to be met by empathy, e.g., it is reliably aroused in humans in response to misfortune in others, it predisposes the individual toward helping action and yet is amenable to perceptual and cognitive control, and its physiological basis may have been present in early humans. The social implications of a biological basis for human altruism are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66763/2/10.1177_016502547800100403.pd