Ventilator-associated pneumonia involving Aspergillus flavus in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Argentina

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Cinética e parâmetros de fermentação ruminal in vitro de silagens de parte aérea e raízes de mandioca

Foram avaliados os efeitos do emurchecimento e da inclusão de raízes 0, 15, 30 e 45% da matéria natural sobre a cinética e os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal de silagens da parte aérea da mandioca. A produção acumulada de gases (PAG) às 96 horas de incubação foi influenciada significativamente (P<0,05) pela interação emurchecimento versus inclusão de raízes. Para a PAG, houve elevação linear de 1,88mL a cada unidade percentual de raiz adicionada às silagens não emurchecidas e efeito quadrático nas silagens emurchecidas, com produção máxima de 226mL de gases, com a inclusão de 30,5% de raízes. A degradabilidade verdadeira in vitro da MS (DVIMS) das silagens apresentou significância (P<0,05) para o emurchecimento e para a interação inclusão de raízes versus tempo de incubação. O emurchecimento reduziu, aproximadamente, 2% da degradabilidade da silagem, enquanto a inclusão de raízes propiciou elevação linear dessa variável, que atingiu o valor máximo às 24 horas de incubação.The effects of wilting and roots inclusion (0, 15, 30 and 45% fresh matter) on rumen fermentation kinetics and parameters of cassava foliage silages were evaluated. Total gas production (TGP) after 96 hours of incubation was significantly influenced (P <0.05) by the interaction between wilting and roots inclusion. TGP was linearly increased by 1.88 mL for each percent unit of root added to the wilted silage, whereas, for wilted ones, a quadratic effect was observed, with a maximum gas cumulative output of 226 mL for 30.5% roots addition. The true DM degradability of silages in vitro (IVTDMD) showed significance (P<0.05) to wilting and interaction between root inclusion and incubation time. Wilting reduced silage degradability in approximately 2%, while root inclusion led to linear increases in this variable, which reached its peak at 24h of incubation

Pectinase activity determination:An early deceleration in the release of reducing sugars throws a spanner in the works!

Recently, it has been suggested that pectinases could be used to hydrolyze pectin in biorefineries based on pectin-rich agro-industrial wastes. However, for this to be viable, the cost of their production would need to be lowered significantly. In fact, over the last few decades, there have been many attempts to improve pectinase production by existing strains or to screen for new strains from environmental isolates. In these studies, it is necessary to measure pectinase activities. Many researchers use single-time-point assays that involve incubation of pectinolytic extracts with pectic substrates for a fixed time, followed by determination of the liberated reducing sugars. However, different researchers use quite different conditions for this assay. Furthermore, no attention has been given to the reaction profile during the assay. In the current work, we show, for the first time, that a significant deceleration of the rate of liberation of reducing sugars occurs over the first ten minutes of the reaction. As a consequence, the incubation time used in a single-time-point assay has a large effect on the value obtained for the activity. In fact, we demonstrate that, depending on the particular combination of incubation time, pectin concentration and reaction temperature, the same extract could be reported to have activities that differ by an order of magnitude. In addition, we show that the relative activities obtained with polygalacturonic acid do not correlate with those obtained with pectin. We conclude that it is currently impossible to make meaningful comparisons between pectinase activities reported in the literature by workers who have used different assay conditions. Therefore there is an urgent need for the development of a standardized assay for evaluating the saccharification potential of pectinase complexes

Abordagem sobre o controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no sul do Rio Grande do Sul Studies of the management of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul a infestação dos bovinos por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ocorre, principalmente, entre os meses de outubro e abril, devido às condições climáticas. Além do conhecimento do ciclo biológico desse parasito, também é fundamental conhecer a epidemiologia, para estabelecer estratégias de controle. No Rio Grande do Sul, e também no Brasil, existem poucos estudos epidemiológicos a respeito da resistência aos acaricidas. Além disso, a grande área geográfica e a deficiência estrutural quanto ao uso e acesso a bancos de dados dificultam a obtenção de dados confiáveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar um inquérito abordando a percepção dos produtores da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, quanto à identificação de populações de R. (B.) microplus difíceis de controlar com acaricidas e os fatores de risco para a seleção de populações de carrapatos resistentes. Para execução do trabalho foram coletados dados sobre o controle do carrapato de bovinos de corte, em 85 propriedades de sete municípios, localizados na região sul do Estado. Os resultados revelaram a existência de associação positiva entre a dificuldade de controlar o carrapato com os acaricidas e o grau de instrução do proprietário (até o ensino fundamental com OR=3,67 e p=0,01) e o número de aplicação de carrapaticida por ano (superior a 4 com OR=4,05 e p=0,006). Esses resultados indicam também que propriedades com mais de 100 bovinos de corte em criação extensiva, na região sul do rio Grande do Sul apresentam características que podem contribuir para uma maior vida útil dos carrapaticidas do que as verificadas em outras regiões do País.<br>In the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, cattle become infested with Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus mainly between October and April due to the climatic conditions. In addition to knowing its life cycle, knowledge of parasite's epidemiology is essential to establish management strategies. Epidemiological studies on resistance to acaricides in Rio Grande do Sul as well as in the rest of Brazil are scarce. Moreover, the large geographical area and the structural deficiency with respect to the use and access to databases make reliable data difficult to obtain. The present study surveyed the perception by cattle breeders in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul in regards of identification of R. (B.) microplus populations that are difficult to manage using acaricides, as well as the risk factors for the selection of resistant tick populations. Tick management data on beef cattle in 85 properties of seven municipalities were collected. The results revealed that the difficulty in tick management correlated positively with levels of education of the farm owners (up to elementary school, OR = 3.67 and p = 0.01) and with the yearly number of acaricide applications (over four, with OR = 4.05 and p= 0.006). These results also suggest that properties with more than 100 beef cattle under extensive farming conditions in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul show characteristics that may contribute to longer acaricide lifetimes as compared to other regions in the Country