Governance analysis of two historical MPAs in northern Peru: Isla Lobos de Tierra and Isla Lobos de Afuera

Isla Lobos de Tierra and Isla Lobos de Afuera are two MPAs that show the importance of history in governance. In 2009 they were designated among the Guano Islands, Islets and Capes Reserve System for wildlife conservation and sustainability, after being protected for hundreds of years to manage guano. Since their designation, governance changed on paper, but not de facto. The major driver undermining conservation is fishing, which is enhanced by pressures of the global seafood market and informality (the predominant way of thinking and acting in Peru, transgressive of order and disrespectful of values, norms and institutions). Fish productivity in the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem is the source of wildlife bounty around these small islands. Few incentives have been initiated to protect it and none looks at directly regulating fisheries. An obstacle is that the Parks Service has no authority to manage marine species. Management effectiveness requires improving cross-jurisdictional coordination with the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries, the Maritime Authority and other relevant entities to develop an integral plan where they all convene on working towards conserving these MPAs. Success will rely on an improved and diligent state participation that deeply understands the social complexities of these environments in order to address informality and potential equity issues. Despite the minimal intervention, the land ecosystem and its species remain relatively protected due to a governance legacy of strict enforcement and fraternal relationships between guardians and artisanal fishers, which highlights the importance of recognising history in conservation

Germplasm Collection, Evaluation and Selection of Naturalized Medicago Polymorpha in the Mediterranean Zone of Chile

An introduction and evaluation programme is described that thus far includes 53 accessions of the naturalised annual medic Medicago polymorplia L. collected along a 1000 km N-S gradient in central. Chile and subsequently grown together in a common environment· selection trial together with 5 accessions received from International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (!CARDA). Major selection criteria include: precocious phenology, spineless pods and hardseededness, and tolerance to acid soils. Onset of flowering was 82-127 day_s, later flowering being closely correlated with higher latitudes. Soil pH was 5.3-7 .5 in collection sites, and phosphorus levels were \u3e 10 ppm in 90% of the sites. There was also a correlation between flowering precocity and spineless pods. All accessions showed 100% hard seededness immediately after seed set, but the following autumn, seed hardness varied considerably. The phenological and ecophysiological ranges of adaptation exhibited in these accessions suggests that ecological adaptation has occurred in this naturalized species and that an important genetic base exists from which to select cultivars for areas throughout the Mediterranean climate region

Topological Measure Locating the Effective Crossover between Segregation and Integration in a Modular Network

We introduce an easily computable topological measure which locates the effective crossover between segregation and integration in a modular network. Segregation corresponds to the degree of network modularity, while integration is expressed in terms of the algebraic connectivity of an associated hyper-graph. The rigorous treatment of the simplified case of cliques of equal size that are gradually rewired until they become completely merged, allows us to show that this topological crossover can be made to coincide with a dynamical crossover from cluster to global synchronization of a system of coupled phase oscillators. The dynamical crossover is signaled by a peak in the product of the measures of intra-cluster and global synchronization, which we propose as a dynamical measure of complexity. This quantity is much easier to compute than the entropy (of the average frequencies of the oscillators), and displays a behavior which closely mimics that of the dynamical complexity index based on the latter. The proposed toplogical measure simultaneously provides information on the dynamical behavior, sheds light on the interplay between modularity vs total integration and shows how this affects the capability of the network to perform both local and distributed dynamical tasks

La educación como pilar fundamental del desarrollo y seguridad nacional

Para la mejor comprensión de esta investigación, esta se divide en siete capítulos: En el Capítulo I se realiza un estudio del contexto histórico-social y problemático del objeto de estudio, describiendo el problema, el marco legal que sustenta el sistema educativo y su estructura. En el Capítulo II se describen los fundamentos filosóficos del sistema educativo, las mega tendencia del mundo actual y su incidencia en la educación, la seguridad y el desarrollo y los cambios que se perfilan en los primeros años del siglo XXI. El Capítulo III presenta, convenientemente organizado el sustento teórico-estadístico, los retos educativos del Ecuador para el Tercer Milenio y la importancia de la educación, capacitación y evaluación continua en la comunidad educativa. En el capítulo IV se realiza un análisis de la coordinación existente en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano en sus diferentes niveles y modalidades, así como una revisión bibliográfica de la educación y los objetivos de desarrollo social y nacional y, por último, se argumenta en la necesidad de invertir en educación como la vía que determinará la seguridad y desarrollo nacional. El capítulo V comprende el diseño de la investigación en el que se insertan las hipótesis y diseño metodológico: operacionalización de variables, metodología empleada y análisis interpretativo de la información consultada. En el capítulo VI, con los datos presentados en la investigación se verifica la hipótesis y se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones más relevantes.I. ASPECTOS GENERALES II. MEGATENDENCIAS DEL MUNDO ACTUAL III. ANALISIS TEORICO-ESTADISTICO DEL SISTEMA EDUCATIVO IV. EDUCACION DE CALIDAD EN EL SISTEMA EDUCATIVO V. METODOLOGIA VI. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONE

Adaptability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Spring Wheat Cultivars in Chile using Regression Analysis, AMMI, and SRAG.

del Pozo, A (del Pozo, Alejandro). Univ Talca, Fac Ciencias Agr, Talca, ChileWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic improvement objectives include obtaining cultivars capable of expressing their maximum potential yield and quality in diverse environments. This make necessary to know and define the environment in which a variety can express its maximum potential yield and quality. The objective of this study was to assess which method is the most efficient to study cultivars response in multiple environments. For this, we analyze the adaptability, stability, and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction effect, grain yield, sedimentation, and wet gluten content of 13 spring wheat cultivars sown in six environments in the central-south and southern zones of Chile during two seasons. The data were analyzed by regression analysis, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), and the sites regression (SREG) model. By this was thus established that SREG analysis is the most efficient for this type of study since, in addition to analyzing stability, adaptability, and effect (GxE), it allows identifying the best cultivar. In this case, `Pandora-INIA' stands out by exhibiting the best yield (7.38 t ha(-1)), high sedimentation (36.95 cm(3)), and wet gluten (41.54%) indices in all the environments, and this positions it as a variety having both high yield and quality

Death, dying and informatics: misrepresenting religion on MedLine

BACKGROUND: The globalization of medical science carries for doctors worldwide a correlative duty to deepen their understanding of patients' cultural contexts and religious backgrounds, in order to satisfy each as a unique individual. To become better informed, practitioners may turn to MedLine, but it is unclear whether the information found there is an accurate representation of culture and religion. To test MedLine's representation of this field, we chose the topic of death and dying in the three major monotheistic religions. METHODS: We searched MedLine using PubMed in order to retrieve and thematically analyze full-length scholarly journal papers or case reports dealing with religious traditions and end-of-life care. Our search consisted of a string of words that included the most common denominations of the three religions, the standard heading terms used by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature (NRCBL), and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used by the National Library of Medicine. Eligible articles were limited to English-language papers with an abstract. RESULTS: We found that while a bibliographic search in MedLine on this topic produced instant results and some valuable literature, the aggregate reflected a selection bias. American writers were over-represented given the global prevalence of these religious traditions. Denominationally affiliated authors predominated in representing the Christian traditions. The Islamic tradition was under-represented. CONCLUSION: MedLine's capability to identify the most current, reliable and accurate information about purely scientific topics should not be assumed to be the same case when considering the interface of religion, culture and end-of-life care

Improving the automatic segmentation of subtitles through conditional random field

[EN] Automatic segmentation of subtitles is a novel research field which has not been studied extensively to date. However, quality automatic subtitling is a real need for broadcasters which seek for automatic solutions given the demanding European audiovisual legislation. In this article, a method based on Conditional Random Field is presented to deal with the automatic subtitling segmentation. This is a continuation of a previous work in the field, which proposed a method based on Support Vector Machine classifier to generate possible candidates for breaks. For this study, two corpora in Basque and Spanish were used for experiments, and the performance of the current method was tested and compared with the previous solution and two rule-based systems through several evaluation metrics. Finally, an experiment with human evaluators was carried out with the aim of measuring the productivity gain in post-editing automatic subtitles generated with the new method presented.This work was partially supported by the project CoMUN-HaT - TIN2015-70924-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER).Alvarez, A.; Martínez-Hinarejos, C.; Arzelus, H.; Balenciaga, M.; Del Pozo, A. (2017). Improving the automatic segmentation of subtitles through conditional random field. Speech Communication. 88:83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2017.01.010S83958

Dielectric and dynamic mechanical study of the mobility of poly(t-butylacrylate) chains in diblock copolymers: polystyrene-b-poly(t-butylacrylate)

A calorimetric, dielectric and dynamic-mechanical study of the dynamics of the poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBa) chains has been carried out in a PtBa homopolymer and two polystyrene (PS)-b-PtBa block copolymers with different PtBa chain lengths. The DSC results show that the size of the cooperative rearranging regions is similar in the homopolymers and the copolymers, both for the PtBa rich- and the PS-rich regions. Therefore, no significant contributions are found arising from composition fluctuations in the copolymers. The relaxation map obtained from dielectric relaxation indicates that there are no differences in the temperature dependence of the α-relaxation of the PtBa block in the three samples studied. However, there are larger differences for the values obtained from DMTA experiments. Contrary to the α-relaxation, the relaxation map for the β-transition shows that the characteristic times for the PtBa blocks are smaller in the homopolymer than in the copolymers. In principle, these are unexpected results because the β-relaxations have a more local character than the α-ones. The width of the α-relaxation increases with T for all the samples, and it is slightly larger for the copolymers. The intensity of the α-relaxation is larger (between 3 and 4 times) for the homopolymer. Considering the molecular weights of the PtBa blocks, this effect has to be ascribed to the existence of frozen amorphous PtBa due to the existence of the glassy PS domains in the microphase separated copolymers. Molecular Dynamic Simulations (MDSs) for different sequences of the polymers under study were carried out. The conformational analysis was carried out between 1000 and 1700 K. The analysis of the variation of angles 1 and 2 of the ester group of PtBa points out the existence of a correlation between the conformational changes of the side group of the polymer chains and their relaxational behaviour

QCD

We discuss QCD studies that will be possible at LEP2. We examine both experimental and theoretical aspects of jets, fragmentation functions, multiplicities and particle spectra.Comment: 44 pages, Latex, epsfig, 18 figures, to appear on the Report of the Workshop on Physics at LEP2, CERN 96-01, vol. 1, 199