The unidentified TeV source (TeVJ2032+4130) and surrounding field: Final HEGRA IACT-System results

The unidentified TeV source in Cygnus is now confirmed by follow-up observations from 2002 with the HEGRA stereoscopic system of Cherenkov Telescopes. Using all data (1999 to 2002) we confirm this new source as steady in flux over the four years of data taking, extended with radius 6.2 arcmin (+-1.2 arcmin (stat) +-0.9 arcmin (sys)) and exhibiting a hard spectrum with photon index -1.9. It is located in the direction of the dense OB stellar association, Cygnus OB2. Its integral flux above energies E>1 TeV amounts to \~5% of the Crab assuming a Gaussian profile for the intrinsic source morphology. There is no obvious counterpart at radio, optical nor X-ray energies, leaving TeVJ2032+4130 presently unidentified. Observational parameters of this source are updated here and some astrophysical discussion is provided. Also included are upper limits for a number of other interesting sources in the FoV, including the famous microquasar Cygnus X-3.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Observations of H1426+428 with HEGRA -- Observations in 2002 and reanalysis of 1999&2000 data

The HEGRA system of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes has been used to observe the BL Lac object H1426+428 ($z=0.129$) for 217.5 hours in 2002. In this data set alone, the source is detected at a confidence level of $5.3~\sigma$, confirming this object as a TeV source. The overall flux level during the observations in 2002 is found to be a factor of $\approx 2.5$ lower than during the previous observations by HEGRA in 1999&2000. A new spectral analysis has been carried out, improving the signal-to-noise ratio at the expense of a slightly increased systematic uncertainty and reducing the relative energy resolution to $\Delta E/E\le 12$ over a wide range of energies. The new method has also been applied to the previously published data set taken in 1999 and 2000, confirming the earlier claim of a flattening of the energy spectrum between 1 and 5 TeV. The data set taken in 2002 shows again a signal at energies above 1 TeV. We combine the energy spectra as determined by the CAT and VERITAS groups with our reanalyzed result of the 1999&2000 data set and apply a correction to account for effects of absorption of high energy photons on extragalactic background light in the optical to mid infrared band. The shape of the inferred source spectrum is mostly sensitive to the characteristics of the extragalactic background light between wavelengths of 1 and 15~$\mu$mComment: 12 pages, 4 Figures, submitted to A&

Is the giant radio galaxy M 87 a TeV gamma-ray emitter?

For the first time an excess of photons above an energy threshold of 730 GeV from the giant radio galaxy M 87 has been measured at a significance level above 4 σ. The data have been taken during the years 1998 and 1999 with the HEGRA stereoscopic system of 5 imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The excess of 107.4 ± 26.8 events above 730 GeV corresponds to an integral flux of 3.3% of the Crab flux or Nγ (E > 730 GeV) = (0.96 ± 0.23) × 10-12 phot cm-2 s-1. M 87 is located at the center of the Virgo cluster of galaxies at a relatively small redshift of z = 0.00436 and is a promising candidate among the class of giant radio galaxies for the emission of TeV γ-radiation. The detection of TeV γ-rays from M 87 - if confirmed - would establish a new class of extragalactic source in this energy regime since all other AGN detected to date at TeV energies are BL Lac type objects.F. A. Aharonian ...G. P. Rowell...et al

A search for TeV gamma-ray emission from SNRs, pulsars and unidentified GeV sources in the Galactic plane in the longitude range between -2 deg and 85 deg

Using the HEGRA system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, one quarter of the Galactic plane (-2 deg < l < 85 deg) was surveyed for TeV gamma-ray emission from point sources and moderately extended sources (diameter <= 0.8 deg). The region covered includes 86 known pulsars (PSR), 63 known supernova remnants (SNR) and nine GeV sources, representing a significant fraction of the known populations. No evidence for emission of TeV gamma radiation was detected, and upper limits range from 0.15 Crab units up to several Crab units, depending on the observation time and zenith angles covered. The ensemble sums over selected SNR and pulsar subsamples and over the GeV-sources yield no indication for emission from these potential sources. The upper limit for the SNR population is at the level of 6.7% of the Crab flux and for the pulsar ensemble at the level of 3.6% of the Crab flux.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&

The technical performance of the HEGRA system of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes

Between early 1997 and late 2002, the HEGRA collaboration operated a stereoscopic system of 4 (later 5) imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. In this paper we present the calibration schemes which were developed for the system, and report on the performance of the detector over the years. In general, the telescope system was very well understood, regarding both the absolute calibration and the slight changes in performance over the years. The system had an energy threshold of 500 GeV for observations at zenith and under optimum detector conditions. With the corresponding calibration schemes, a systematic accuracy of 15 percent on the absolute energy scale has been achieved. The continuous sensitivity monitoring provided a relative accuracy of a few percent, and showed that the threshold did not exceed 600 GeV throughout the entire operation time. The readout electronics and the imaging quality of the dishes were well monitored and stable. The absolute pointing had an accuracy of at least 25 arcsec; this number was guaranteed throughout the whole lifetime of the experiment.G. Puhlhofer ... G. P. Rowell.. and W. Wittek...et al., the HEGRA Collaboratio

The Crab Nebula and Pulsar between 500 GeV and 80 TeV: Observations with the HEGRA stereoscopic air Cherenkov telescopes

The Crab supernova remnant has been observed regularly with the stereoscopic system of 5 imaging air Cherenkov telescopes that was part of the High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) experiment. In total, close to 400 hours of useful data have been collected from 1997 until 2002. The spectrum extends up to energies of 80 TeV and is well matched by model calculations in the framework of inverse Compton scattering of various seed photons in the nebula including for the first time a recently detected compact emission region at mm-wavelengths. The observed indications for a gradual steepening of the energy spectrum in data is expected in the inverse Compton emission model.The average magnetic field in the emitting volume is determined to be $(161.6\pm0.8mathrm{stat}\pm18_\mathrm{sys}) \mu$G. The presence of protons in the nebula is not required to explain the observed flux and upper limits on the injected power of protons are calculated being as low as 20 % of the total spin down luminosity for bulk Lorentz factors of the wind in the range of $10^4-10^6$.The position and size of the emission region have been studied over a wide range of energies. The position is shifted by 13\arcsec to the west of the pulsar with a systematic uncertainty of 25\arcsec. No significant shift in the position with energy is observed. The size of the emission region is constrained to be less than 2\arcmin at energies between 1 and 10 TeV. Above 30 TeV the size is constrained to be less than 3\arcmin.No indications for pulsed emission has been found and upper limits in differential bins of energy have been calculated reaching typically 1-3 % of the unpulsed component.Comment: 53 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa

Observations of 54 Active Galactic Nuclei with the HEGRA System of Cherenkov Telescopes

A sample of 54 selected Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) has been observed with the HEGRA stereoscopic system of Cherenkov Telescopes between 1996 and 2002 in the TeV energy regime. The observations were motivated by the positive results obtained for Mkn 421 and Mkn 501. The distances of the selected objects vary over a large range of redshifts between z = 0.004 and z = 0.7. Among the observed AGN are the meanwhile established TeV-emitting BL Lac type objects H1426+428 and 1ES1959+650. Furthermore the BL Lac object 1ES2344+514 and the radio galaxy M87 show evidence for a signal on a 4 sigma level. The observation of 1ES2344+514 together with the Whipple results firmly establishes this AGN as a TeV source. Several objects (PKS2155-304, BL Lacertae, 3C066A) that have been claimed as TeV gamma-ray emitters by other groups are included in this data sample but could not be confirmed using data analysed here. The upper limits of several AGN included in this analysis are compared with predictions in the frame-work of SSC models.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, 7 tables, submitted to A&

TeV gamma-ray observations of SS-433 and a survey of the surrounding field with the HEGRA IACT-System

We present results of a search for TeV γ-ray emission from the microquasar SS-433 and the surrounding region covering a ∼8° × 8° field of view. Analysis of data taken with the HEGRA stereoscopic system of imaging atmospheric Čerenkov imaging telescopes reveals no evidence of steady or variable emission from any position. Observation times of over 100 h have been achieved in central parts of the field of view. We set 99% confidence level upper limits to a number of a-priorichosen objects of interest, including SS-443 and its interaction regions, 32 pulsars, 3 supernova remnants and the GeV source GeV J1907+0537. Our upper limit of 3.2% Crab flux (for energies E > 0.8 TeV) for the eastern-lobe region e3 of SS-433 permits, after comparison with X-ray fluxes, a lower limit of B ≥ 19 μG on the post-shocked magnetic field in this region. An ensemble upper limit at 0.3% Crab flux (E > 0.7 TeV) from a subset (11) of the 32 pulsars implies a maximum of 4.5% of the spin-down pulsar power is available for TeV γ-ray production. For one of the SNR in our FoV, 3C 396, recent Chandra observations suggest that a central pulsar-driven wind nebula may be the source of X-ray emission. Our upper limit implies that a maximum of 0.1 % of the spin-down power from the central source of 3C 396 would be available for TeV γ-rays. © ESO 2005.F. Aharonian, A. Akhperjanian, M. Beilicke, K. Bernlöhr, H.-G. Börst, H. Bojahr, O. Bolz, T. Coarasa, J. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Denninghoff, V. Fonseca, M. Girma, N. Götting, G. Heinzelmann, G. Hermann, A. Heusler, W. Hofmann, D. Horns, I. Jung, R. Kankanyan, M. Kestel, A. Kohnle, A. Konopelko, D. Kranich, H. Lampeit, M. Lopez, E. Lorenz, F. Lucarelli, O. Mang, D. Mazin, H. Meyer, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, E. Oña-Wilhelmi, M. Panter, A. Plyasheshnikov, G. Pühlhofer, R. de los Reyes, W. Rhode, J. Ripken, G. P. Rowell, V. Sahakian, M. Samorski, M. Schilling, M. Siems, D. Sobzynska, W. Stamm, M. Tluczykont, V. Vitale, H. J. Völk, C. A. Wiedner, and W. Witte

Observations of 14 young open star clusters with the HEGRA system of Cherenkov telescopes

Context. A sample of 14 young open star clusters has been observed in the TeV energy regime with the stereoscopic system of the HEGRA (High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy) Cherenkov telescopes from 1997 to 2002, resulting in more than 300 h of observation time. Aims. Young open star clusters may contribute to the acceleration of cosmic rays. The detection of γ-rays (from decaying π0s produced in hadronic interactions) from these objects could be evidence for such a contribution. The results of our observations are compared to available γ-ray data and to a simple hadronic model in the framework of shock front acceleration of cosmic rays in the stellar winds of the cluster members to test the potential of the presently available data on young open star clusters to constrain this type of model. Methods. The stereoscopic system of HEGRA Cherenkov telescopes makes use of the atmospheric imaging technique. Air showers initiated by primary Gamma-Rays are recorded as elliptical images in the telescope cameras. The images from the different telescopes are then superimposed to reconstruct the parameters of the primary particle. This technique (stereoscopy) was pioneered by the HEGRA experiment. Results. No significant excess has been found in the analysed data set of young open star clusters. The derived upper limit on the TeV gamma-ray flux from Berkeley 87 and the available EGRET data from the same direction do not allow us to fully constrain the simple hadronic model used here. The comparison of the upper limits derived for all 14 objects with the flux detected from TeV J2032+4130 (under the assumption of an association of the TeV-signal with the compact stellar association CygOB2) suggests that γ-ray emission from young open star clusters as an object class cannot be ruled out.F. Aharonian, A. Akhperjanian, M. Beilicke, K. Bernlöhr, H.-G. Börst, H. Bojahr, O. Bolz, T. Coarasa, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Denninghoff, M. V. Fonseca, M. Girma, N. Götting, G. Heinzelmann, G. Hermann, A. Heusler, W. Hofmann, D. Horns, I. Jung, R. Kankanyan, M. Kestel, A. Konopelko, H. Kornmeyer D. Kranich, H. Lampeitl, M. Lopez, E. Lorenz, F. Lucarelli, O. Mang, H. Meyer, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, E. Ona-Wilhelmi, M. Panter, A. Plyasheshnikov , G. Pühlhofer, R. de los Reyes, W. Rhode, J. Ripken, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, M. Samorski, M. Schilling, M. Siems, D. Sobzynska, W. Stamm, M. Tluczykont, V. Vitale, H. J. Völk, C. A. Wiedner, and W. Wittek

Variations of the TeV energy spectrum at different flux levels of Mkn 421 observed with the HEGRA system of Cherenkov telescopes

The nearby BL Lacertae (BL Lac) object Markarian 421 (Mkn 421) at a red shift z = 0.031 was observed to undergo strong TeV γ-ray outbursts in the observational periods from December 1999 until May 2001. The time averaged flux level F(E > 1 TeV) in the 1999/2000 season was (1.43 ± 0.04) × 10-11 ph cm-2s-1, whereas in the 2000/2001 season the average integral flux increased to (4.19 ± 0.04) × 10-11 ph cm-2s-1. Both energy spectra are curved and well fit by a power law with an exponential cut-off energy at 3.6(+0.4 - 0.3)stat(+0.9 - 0.8)sys TeV. The respective energy spectra averaged over each of the two time periods indicate a spectral hardening for the 2000/2001 spectrum. The photon index changes from 2.39 ± 0.09stat for 1999/2000 to 2.19 ± 0.02stat in 2000/2001. The energy spectra derived for different average flux levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 × 10-11 ph cm-2 s-1 follow a clear correlation of photon index and flux level. Generally, the energy spectra are harder for high flux levels. From January to April 2001 Mkn 421 showed rapid variability (doubling time as short as 20 min), accompanied with a spectral hardening with increasing flux level within individual nights. For two successive nights (MJD 51989-51991, March 21-23, 2001), this correlation of spectral hardness and change in flux has been observed within a few hours. The cut-off energy for the Mkn 421 TeV spectrum remains within the errors constant for the different flux levels and differs by ΔE = 2.6 ± 0.6stat ± 0.6sys TeV from the value determined for Mkn 501. This indicates that the observed exponential cut-off in the energy spectrum of Mkn 421 is not solely caused by absorption of multi-TeV photons by pair-production processes with photons of the extragalactic near/mid infrared background radiation.F. Aharonian, A. Akhperjanian, M. Beilicke, K. Bernlöhr, H. Börst, H. Bojahr, O. Bolz, T. Coarasa, J. Contreras, J. Cortina, L. Costamante, S. Denninghoff, V. Fonseca, M. Girma, N. Götting, G. Heinzelmann, G. Hermann, A. Heusler, W. Hofmann, D. Horns, I. Jung, R. Kankanyan, M. Kestel, J. Kettler, A. Kohnle, A. Konopelko, H. Kornmeyer, D. Kranich, H. Krawczynski, H. Lampeitl, M. Lopez, E. Lorenz, F. Lucarelli, O. Mang, H. Meyer, R. Mirzoyan, M. Milite, A. Moralejo, E. Ona, M. Panter, A. Plyasheshnikov, G. Pühlhofer, G. Rauterberg, R. Reyes, W. Rhode, J. Ripken, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, M. Samorski, M. Schilling, M. Siems, D. Sobzynska, W. Stamm, M. Tluczykont, H.J. Völk, C. A. Wiedner, W. Wittek and R. A. Remillar