Reconciling multiple societal objectives in cross-scale marine governance: Solomon Islands’ engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Environmental governance aims to reconcile an expanding set of societal objectives at ever-larger scales despite the challenges that remain in integrating conservation and development at smaller scales. We interrogate Solomon Islands’ engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security to contribute new insight on the scalar politics of multi-level marine governance. We show how regional objectives are re-interpreted and prioritized as they translate into national policy and practice. Our data suggest that enhanced coordination of finances and activities, integration of objectives in shared protocols and priority geographies, and a subtle shift in power relations between the state, donors, and implementation partners have resulted from processes of re-scaling. We discuss important procedural adjustments in cross-level and cross-scale governance across jurisdictional, institutional, and sectoral scales. We also reflect on the changing role of national governments in shifts toward large-scale, multi-national initiatives.LE acknowledges funding from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. PJC and DB undertook this work as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agrifood Systems (FISH). Funding support for this study was provided by an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research grant (FIS/2012/074)

Soil moisture on emergence and initial development of Bidens pilosa.

Some species are used as cover crops, so they can produce and release products from their secondary metabolism. When these products are released in the environment, they are exposed to direct or indirect influences. Thus, this trial aimed to evaluate the influence of soil moisture content in plant decomposition, possibly caused by allelochemicals release. The influence of soil field capacity was evaluated by the decomposition of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb), turnip (Vicia villosa Roth) and hairy vetch (Raphanus sativus L.) residues, with 70 and 50% of water availability and the control. Pots (1.0 kg) were filled with sterilized and unsterilized soil, plus 30 g of plant residue, which remained in decomposition for four weeks before the experiment start. After that, five seeds of beggartick (Bidens pilosa L.) were sowed and seedling emergence was daily evaluated for 10 d. The emergence speed index and emergence speed were calculated. Five seedlings were transplanted at the 8th d and evaluated during 30 d, to obtain the initial development of plants, and to determine fresh and dry mass. Greatest growth inhibition of the weed tested occurred with 70% available water for plant emergence and with 50% for initial plant development

Seeds germination and early development of beggartick on extracted soil solution from an area with cover crops.

Plants produce and store many products of secondary metabolism that are released into the environment and can influence direct or indirectly on nearby organisms. Thus, this study investigated the allelopathic potential of extracted soil solution from an area with cover crops according to germination and early development of beggartick. Soil solution was extracted in an area where black oats, turnip and hairy vetch were grown. The concentrated solution was tested in sand substrate while the dilutions were tested in 100; 200; 300 and 400 ml L-1 germitest paper substrate, plus the control treatment on beggartick. Germination was tested for 10 days and the early development for 20 days. Twenty seeds or seedlings were distributed in gerbox, with three replications and the experimental design was completely randomized (CRD). Soil solution showed considerable changes on beggartick germination only in the last collections, mainly with extracted solution in an area cropped with turnip and hairy vetch. The results, in this case, were more significant when germitest was used than with sand substrate. Therefore, it is recommended these cover crops in crop rotation, aiming to reduce beggartick infestation in a long term

Point-of-care breath test for biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis

Rationale: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath provide biomarkers of tuberculosis (TB) because Mycobacterium tuberculosis manufactures VOC metabolites that are detectable in the breath of infected patients. Objectives: We evaluated breath VOC biomarkers in subjects with active pulmonary TB, using an internet-linked rapid point-of-care breath test. Methods: 279 subjects were studied at four centers in three countries, Philippines, UK, and India, and data was analyzed from 251 (130 active pulmonary TB, 121 controls). A point-of-care system collected and concentrated breath and air VOCs, and analyzed them with automated thermal desorption, gas chromatography, and surface acoustic wave detection. A breath test was completed in 6 min. Chromatograms were converted to a series of Kovats Index (KI) windows, and biomarkers of active pulmonary TB were identified by Monte Carlo analysis of KI window alveolar gradients (abundance in breath minus abundance in room air). Measurements and main results: Multiple Monte Carlo simulations identified eight KI windows as biomarkers with better than random performance. Four KI windows corresponded with KI values of VOCs previously identified as biomarkers of pulmonary TB and metabolic products of M. tuberculosis, principally derivatives of naphthalene, benzene and alkanes. A multivariate predictive algorithm identified active pulmonary TB with 80% accuracy (area under curve of receiver operating characteristic curve), sensitivity = 71.2%, and specificity = 72%. Accuracy increased to 84% in age-matched subgroups. In a population with 5% prevalence, the breath test would identify active pulmonary TB with 98% negative predictive value and 13% positive predictive value. Conclusions: A six-minute point-of-care breath test for volatile biomarkers accurately identified subjects with active pulmonary TB. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

GASTROPOD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE in the WATERS of GANGGA SATU VILLAGE, WEST LIKUPANG, NORTH MINAHASA

This study aims to determine the types and community structures of gastropods in the waters of Gangga Satu Village, West Likupang, North Minahasa. Data were collected using the line transect quadratic method, with a transect length of 100 m and a square measure of 1 m x 1 m. Gastropod species in the southern waters of Gangga Satu village, West Likupang, North Minahasa consist of 18 species (11 genera), 5 families, and 4 orders.  namely Thais tuberosa, Morula rumphius, Nassarius distorus, Nassarius albescens, Mitra litterata, Mitra paupercula, Conus parvulus, Conus striatus, Conus Chaldeaus, Engina mendicaria, Nerita undata, Nerita plicata, Nerita polita, Clypeomorus cerithium acina, Turbo bruneus. Density of all species K = 4.76, relative density of 13% in Morula rumphius species, diversity of H' = 1.18 and dominance of C = 0.07Keywords: Community structur; Gastropod AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis dan struktur komunitas gastropoda di Perairan Desa Gangga Satu Likupang Barat Minahasa Utara. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode line transek kuadrat , dengan panjang transek 100 m dan ukuran kuadrat 1m x 1m. Jenis Gastropoda  di perairan selatan desa Gangga Satu, Likupang Barat, Minahasa Utara terdiri dari 18 spesies (11 genus), 5 famili, dan 4 ordo  yakni Thais tuberosa, Morula rumphius, Nassarius distorus, Nassarius albescens, Mitra litterata, Mitra paupercula, Conus parvulus, Conus striatus, Conus Chaldeaus, Engina mendicaria, Nerita undata, Nerita plicata, Nerita polita, Clypeomorus bifasciata, Cerithium atratum, Lunela cineria, Turbo bruneus. Kepadatan seluru spesies K= 4,76, kepadatan relatif sebesar 13% pada spesies Morula rumphius, keanekaragaman H’= 1,18 dan dominasi C= 0,07Kata kunci:Strukturkomunitas; Gastropod

Soil moisture on emergence and initial development of Bidens pilosa.

Some species are used as cover crops, so they can produce and release products from their secondary metabolism. When these products are released in the environment, they are exposed to direct or indirect influences. Thus, this trial aimed to evaluate the influence of soil moisture content in plant decomposition, possibly caused by allelochemicals release. The influence of soil field capacity was evaluated by the decomposition of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb), turnip (Vicia villosa Roth) and hairy vetch (Raphanus sativus L.) residues, with 70 and 50% of water availability and the control. Pots (1.0 kg) were filled with sterilized and unsterilized soil, plus 30 g of plant residue, which remained in decomposition for four weeks before the experiment start. After that, five seeds of beggartick (Bidens pilosa L.) were sowed and seedling emergence was daily evaluated for 10 d. The emergence speed index and emergence speed were calculated. Five seedlings were transplanted at the 8th d and evaluated during 30 d, to obtain the initial development of plants, and to determine fresh and dry mass. Greatest growth inhibition of the weed tested occurred with 70% available water for plant emergence and with 50% for initial plant development.Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T00:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2201110971PB.pdf: 445510 bytes, checksum: 6d466ee725925ee46395fef65cd71a53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-11bitstream/item/182668/1/2201-11097-1-PB.pd