Does overhead irrigation with salt affect growth, yield, and phenolic content of lentil plants?

Overhead irrigation of lentil plants with salt (100 mM NaCl) did not have any significant impact on plant growth, while chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm were affected. Under such poor irrigation water quality, the malondialdehyde content in leaves was increased due to the lipid peroxidation of membranes. In seeds, the total phenolic content (TPC) was correlated to their total antioxidant capacity (TAC). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) detection showed that flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid and resveratrol) appear to be the compounds with the greatest influence on the TAC values. Catechin is the most abundant phenolic compound in lentil seeds. Overhead irrigation with salt reduced the concentration of almost all phenolic compounds analyzed from lentil seed extracts

Does overhead irrigation with salt affect growth, yield, and phenolic content of lentil plants?

Overhead irrigation of lentil plants with salt (100 mM NaCl) did not have any significant impact on plant growth, while chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F-v/F-m were affected. Under such poor irrigation water quality, the malondialdehyde content in leaves was increased due to the lipid peroxidation of membranes. In seeds, the total phenolic content (TPC) was correlated to their total antioxidant capacity (TAC). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) detection showed that flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid and resveratrol) appear to be the compounds with the greatest influence on the TAC values. Catechin is the most abundant phenolic compound in lentil seeds. Overhead irrigation with salt reduced the concentration of almost all phenolic compounds analyzed from lentil seed extracts

PROCJENA TRŽIŠNOG RIZIKA PRIMJENOM METODA POVIJESNE SIMULACIJE U PERIODU RASTA BURZOVNIH POKAZATELJA NA BEOGRADSKOJ BURZI

In Serbia there existed a period of investment growth, which reflected itself on the growth of stock market indices. The aim of this paper is to evaluate market risk at the Serbian market in period of investment growth, applying the method of historical simulation to a portfolio consisting of shares that are continuously traded at the Belgrade Stock Exchange, for which the data existed, since the Serbian stock exchange market is a young one, practically beginning. Method verification was carried out at different confidence levels, which demonstrated that the method underestimated the risk for the confidence level of 99%.U Srbiji je postojao period rasta investicija, koji se odražavao i na rast burzovnih pokazatelja. Cilj ovoga rada je da procijeni tržišni rizik u periodu rasta burzovnih pokazatelja na srpskom tržištu, primjenom metoda povijesne simulacije, na portfolio koji se sastoji od svih akcija kojima se kontinuirano trgovalo na Beogradskoj burzi a za koje su u danom trenutku postojali potrebni podaci, obzirom da je srpsko burzovno tržište bilo mlado tj. praktično u nastajanju. Izvršena je verifikacija modela na više nivoa pouzdanosti koja je pokazala da je model podcijenio postojeći rizik na nivou pouzdanosti od 99%

Subwavelength hole arrays with nanoapertures fabricated by scanning probe nanolithography

Owing to their surface plasmon-based operation, arrays of subwavelength holes show extraordinary electromagnetic transmission and intense field localizations of several orders of magnitude. Thus they were proposed as the basic building blocks for a number of applications utilizing the enhancement of nonlinear optical effects. We designed and simulated nanometer-sized subwavelength holes using an analytical approach. In our experiments we used the scanning probe method for nanolithographic fabrication of subwavelength hole arrays in silver layers sputtered on a positive photoresist substrate. We fabricated ordered nanohole patterns with different shapes, dispositions and proportions. The smallest width was about 60 nm. We characterized the fabricated samples by atomic force microscopy

Симболички облици стваралачког израза у архитектонском делу

Приступ у овом раду полази од симболичке теорије као извора методолошког оквира у конституисању тумачења и доживљавања архитектуре. Предмет истраживања чине симболички облици стваралачког израза схваћени као елементи разумевања значења и смисла који носи једно архитектонско дело у друштвеном и професионалном контексту. Први облик у коме се испитује симболизација израза у архитектонском делу везује се за значења изражајности у неком од симболичких система изван самог дела или саме архитектуре. Означен као трансценденција, у овом смислу стваралачки израз претпоставља одређене симболичке вредности архитектуре, било на нивоу симболичке форме, било на нивоу симболике просторне концепције, мотивације или идеје архитектонског дела. У другом виду, испитиван је облик који је иманентан архитектури као дисциплини и архитектонском делу као непосредно датој објективности. У том смислу, архитектура је посматрана као непосредно дата феноменолошка појавност у којој се преплиће објективитет физичке представе и субјективитет њеног доживљавања. Користећи општу методу разумевања, у раду је примењен поступак генерализације на теоретском нивоу, као и конкретна интерпретација теме (специјализација) у оквиру методе студије случаја, која је спроведена на примерима архитектонских реализација архитекте Бранислава Митровића. У анализи изабраних примера, са одговарајућим компарацијама, изведено је тумачење конкретног стваралаштва према теоретским аспектима теме, чиме је дата интерпретација којом се доводи у везу конкретно тумачење архитектонског дела и разумевање стваралаштва засновано на симболичким функцијама. Резултат представља један модел тумачења стваралачког израза који је, пратећи дату теоретску поставку, изложен у два правца: као начин трансценденције и као начин иманенције архитектонског дела.This dissertation employs the symbolist theory as the methodological framework both for the interpretation and the perception of architecture. In the research the symbolic forms of creative expression are interpreted as elements of understanding the meaning of a work of architecture in a social and professional context. The meaning of expression in one of symbolic systems outside the work of architecture itself or outside architecture as such is investigated as the first form of symbolic expression of architecture. Designated as transcendence, this creative expression implies certain symbolic values of architecture, be it at the level of the symbolic form, symbolic spatial concept, motivation, or the idea of the work of architecture. The second form is discussed as immanent both to architecture as a discipline and the work of architecture as an immediately given objectivity. In that sense, architecture is observed as an immediately given phenomenon, in which the objectivity of physical representation and the subjectivity of its experience are intertwined. Implementing the general method of understanding, the dissertation employs generalization at the theoretical level, as well as the case study methodology in the concrete research issue interpretation (specialization), which is applied to the examples of architectural realizations of the architect Branislav Mitrović. In the analysis of the chosen examples, accompanied by appropriate comparisons, concrete works are interpreted in accordance with the theoretical framework of the research. In that way the concrete interpretation of a work of architecture is closely related to the creative work understanding based on symbolic functions. The resulting model of creative expression interpretation, firmly grounded in the theoretical basis, implies two ways of approaching a work of architecture: as having both transcendental and immanent qualities

The symbolic forms of creative expression in a work of architecture

Приступ у овом раду полази од симболичке теорије као извора методолошког оквира у конституисању тумачења и доживљавања архитектуре. Предмет истраживања чине симболички облици стваралачког израза схваћени као елементи разумевања значења и смисла који носи једно архитектонско дело у друштвеном и професионалном контексту. Први облик у коме се испитује симболизација израза у архитектонском делу везује се за значења изражајности у неком од симболичких система изван самог дела или саме архитектуре. Означен као трансценденција, у овом смислу стваралачки израз претпоставља одређене симболичке вредности архитектуре, било на нивоу симболичке форме, било на нивоу симболике просторне концепције, мотивације или идеје архитектонског дела. У другом виду, испитиван је облик који је иманентан архитектури као дисциплини и архитектонском делу као непосредно датој објективности. У том смислу, архитектура је посматрана као непосредно дата феноменолошка појавност у којој се преплиће објективитет физичке представе и субјективитет њеног доживљавања. Користећи општу методу разумевања, у раду је примењен поступак генерализације на теоретском нивоу, као и конкретна интерпретација теме (специјализација) у оквиру методе студије случаја, која је спроведена на примерима архитектонских реализација архитекте Бранислава Митровића. У анализи изабраних примера, са одговарајућим компарацијама, изведено је тумачење конкретног стваралаштва према теоретским аспектима теме, чиме је дата интерпретација којом се доводи у везу конкретно тумачење архитектонског дела и разумевање стваралаштва засновано на симболичким функцијама. Резултат представља један модел тумачења стваралачког израза који је, пратећи дату теоретску поставку, изложен у два правца: као начин трансценденције и као начин иманенције архитектонског дела.This dissertation employs the symbolist theory as the methodological framework both for the interpretation and the perception of architecture. In the research the symbolic forms of creative expression are interpreted as elements of understanding the meaning of a work of architecture in a social and professional context. The meaning of expression in one of symbolic systems outside the work of architecture itself or outside architecture as such is investigated as the first form of symbolic expression of architecture. Designated as transcendence, this creative expression implies certain symbolic values of architecture, be it at the level of the symbolic form, symbolic spatial concept, motivation, or the idea of the work of architecture. The second form is discussed as immanent both to architecture as a discipline and the work of architecture as an immediately given objectivity. In that sense, architecture is observed as an immediately given phenomenon, in which the objectivity of physical representation and the subjectivity of its experience are intertwined. Implementing the general method of understanding, the dissertation employs generalization at the theoretical level, as well as the case study methodology in the concrete research issue interpretation (specialization), which is applied to the examples of architectural realizations of the architect Branislav Mitrović. In the analysis of the chosen examples, accompanied by appropriate comparisons, concrete works are interpreted in accordance with the theoretical framework of the research. In that way the concrete interpretation of a work of architecture is closely related to the creative work understanding based on symbolic functions. The resulting model of creative expression interpretation, firmly grounded in the theoretical basis, implies two ways of approaching a work of architecture: as having both transcendental and immanent qualities

Correlation Between Morphology and Structure of Galvanostatically Electrodeposited Tin Dendrites

Tin dendrites found wide application in various industries.1 They can be obtained by both non-electrochemical and electrochemical methods of synthesis. In this study, they were produced by a galvanostatic regime of electrolysis from alkaline hydroxide solution at a current density of –3 mA cm–2 , 1.5 times larger than the limiting diffusion current density, with an amount of the electricity of 200 and 400 mC. In the dependence of an amount of the passed electricity, Sn dendrites of various morphology and crystal orientation were obtained: the fern-like dendrites predominantly oriented in (220), (440) crystal planes are obtained with 200 mC and the spear-like and the dendrites with prismatic branches showing the strong (200),(400) preferred orientationwere obtained with 400 mC. The strong correlation between morphology and structure of Sn dendrites is established and it can be explained by analysis of chronopotentiometry response obtained at the given current density and by morphological and structural analyses of Sn dendrites obtained by a potentiostatic regime at cathodic potentials corresponding to values attained after the passed amount of the electricity of 200 and 400 mC. The chronopotentiometry response after spent 200 mC was dominantly in the (–1600 – 1740) mV vs. Ag/AgCl range, and the fern-like dendrites with the strong (220), (440) preferred orientation were obtained in this potential range. After spent 400 mC, the chronopotentiometry response was about –1200 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, and the spear-like and the dendrites with prismatic branches with the strong (200),(400) preferred orientationwere obtained at this cathodic potential

Effects of nerve and fibroblast growth factors on the production of nitric oxide in experimental model of Huntington's disease

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in neurological diseases represents one of the most studied, yet controversial subjects in physiology. The aim was to examine the effects of intrastriatal injection neurotrophins (nerve growth factors-NGF, fibroblast growth factors-FGF) in order to investigate the possible involvement of NO in quinolinic acid (QA) induced striatum toxicity in the rat model of Huntington's disease (HD). QA was administered unilaterally into the striatum of adult Wistar rats in a single dose of 150 nM. The other two groups of animals were pretreated immediately before QA application with NGF and FGF, respectively. Control group was treated with 0.9% saline solution in the same manner. Animals were decapitated 7 days after the treatment. Nitrite levels were significantly decreased both in the ipsi- and contra lateral striatum and forebrain cortex of NGF- and FGF-treated animals compared with QA treatment. These results indicated a temporal and spatial propagation of oxidative stress and spread protective effects of NGF and FGF on the forebrain cortex, the distant structure, but tightly connected with striatum, the place of direct neurotoxin damage. Neurotrophins could be the potential neuroprotective agents in HD

Pentoxifylline Prevents Autoimmune Mediated Inflammation in Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

Xanthine derivative, pentoxifylline (PTX), has been recently shown to exert a protective effects in certain animal models of autoimmunity, including diabetes in NOD mice. In the present study, the immunomodulatory potential of PTX was investigated in autoimmune diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-SZ) in genetically susceptible CBA/H mice (tested with 40 mg SZ/kg b.w. for 5 days) and DA rats (tested with 20 mg/kg b.w. for 5 days). In both species, 2 – 3 weeks following the MLD-SZ treatment, sustained hyperglycemia developed, as an outcome of inflammatory reaction with endothelial cell activation and accumulation of mononuclear cells. Although there was no evidence of typical insulitis in early disease development (day 10), in both rats and mice, macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were present in the islets of Langerhans as diffuse mononuclear infiltrates with the expression of IFN-γ and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Administration of PTX (200 mg/kg/day for 10 days) in combination with MLD-SZ reduced insulitis and the production of mediators tested, and prevented the development of hyperglycemia. These results suggest that beneficial effects of PTX involve down-regulation of local proinflammatory cytokine-mediated NO synthase pathway. They also demonstrate that in addition to ameliorating spontaneous autoimmunity in NOD mice, PTX may be effective in downregulating an inflammatory autoimmune process triggered in susceptible host by an external agents, such as streptozotocin

Effect of water stress on yield and evapotranspiration of sunflower

An experiment was conducted at Rimski Šančevi Experiment Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad during 2000 - 2005. The soil in the experimental plot was calcareous chernozem on loess terrace. Using the yield response factor (ky), the study investigated how sunflower yield and evapotranspiration were affected by deficit of available soil water during the growing season. The experiment consisted of an irrigated treatment (T1), in which irrigation was used when soil moisture levels dropped to 60-65% of FC (field capacity), and a nonirrigated control treatment (T0). The sunflower hybrid used in the study was NS-H-111. On average, no significant differences in yield level were observed between T1 (3.79 t ha-1) and T0 (3.75 t ha-1) treatments. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ETm) obtained in T1 treatment was in the 402-479 mm range. The yield response factor (ky) was obtained as 0.20 for total growing season and 0.27, 0.31 and 0.48 for vegetative, flowering and yield formation period, respectively. Period from flowering to maturity was the most sensitive towards water deficiency