9,819 research outputs found
Ionization by bulk heating of electrons in capacitive radio frequency atmospheric pressure microplasmas
Electron heating and ionization dynamics in capacitively coupled radio
frequency (RF) atmospheric pressure microplasmas operated in helium are
investigated by Particle in Cell simulations and semi-analytical modeling. A
strong heating of electrons and ionization in the plasma bulk due to high bulk
electric fields are observed at distinct times within the RF period. Based on
the model the electric field is identified to be a drift field caused by a low
electrical conductivity due to the high electron-neutral collision frequency at
atmospheric pressure. Thus, the ionization is mainly caused by ohmic heating in
this "Omega-mode". The phase of strongest bulk electric field and ionization is
affected by the driving voltage amplitude. At high amplitudes, the plasma
density is high, so that the sheath impedance is comparable to the bulk
resistance. Thus, voltage and current are about 45{\deg} out of phase and
maximum ionization is observed during sheath expansion with local maxima at the
sheath edges. At low driving voltages, the plasma density is low and the
discharge becomes more resistive resulting in a smaller phase shift of about
4{\deg}. Thus, maximum ionization occurs later within the RF period with a
maximum in the discharge center. Significant analogies to electronegative low
pressure macroscopic discharges operated in the Drift-Ambipolar mode are found,
where similar mechanisms induced by a high electronegativity instead of a high
collision frequency have been identified
Pion scattering poles and chiral symmetry restoration
Using unitarized Chiral Perturbation Theory methods, we perform a detailed
analysis of the scattering poles and behaviour
when medium effects such as temperature or density drive the system towards
Chiral Symmetry Restoration. In the analysis of real poles below threshold, we
show that it is crucial to extend properly the unitarized amplitudes so that
they match the perturbative Adler zeros. Our results do not show threshold
enhancement effects at finite temperature in the channel, which
remains as a pole of broad nature. We also implement T=0 finite density effects
related to chiral symmetry restoration, by varying the pole position with the
pion decay constant. Although this approach takes into account only a limited
class of contributions, we reproduce the expected finite density restoration
behaviour, which drives the poles towards the real axis, producing threshold
enhancement and bound states. We compare our results with several
model approaches and discuss the experimental consequences, both in
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions and in and
reactions in nuclei.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, final version to appear in Phys.Rev.D, added
comments and reference
G93-1182 Best Management Practices for Agricultural Pesticides to Protect Water Resources
This NebGuide discusses what happens to pesticides after application, factors affecting pesticide movement, and best management practices to minimize the potential for pesticide contamination of ground and surface water.
Users of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals must take appropriate precautions to reduce the risks of moving these materials into ground or surface water. The primary consideration should be whether the chemical is needed. If pesticides are needed, then the characteristics of the chemical, the sensitivity of the application site and the method of application should be considered
Prospective job analysis for the next pilot generation
To accomodate the expected growth of air traffic over the next two decades new operational concepts
are currently under development, which will affect to some extent the job tasks and responsibilities of
pilots and air traffic controllers. How will the operators perform in their potential new roles? Can we
presume that they will easily be reâtrainable? Or will the job profile change to such an extent that it has
to be considered already during the selection of the most suitable candidates? Especially for abâinitio
pilot and controller candidates selection decisions imply predictions of human performance for a longterm
future. Therefore, a prospective analysis of job requirements is necessary to make sure that the
selection battery is aligned with future roles and tasks. DLR has developed a simulation platform called
AviaSim, which allows for lowâfidelity humanâinâtheâloop simulations of potential future job tasks for
pilots and controllers. Future scenarios are based on reviews of NextGen and SESAR concept papers and
as well on âfuture workshopsâ with present job holders. In AviaSim we can examine the behavior of air
traffic controllers working together in one scenario with up to eight pilots and additional experimental
traffic. With eyeâgaze measurement, questionnaires and cognitive task interviews performance was
analyzed in one enâroute and an arrival scenario. According to preliminarily findings future operators will
need a higher degree of competence for operational monitoring, distributed teamwork, and timeâbased
operations. The simulation platform and the experimental setups are discussed in the paper
Searching for molecular outflows in Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies
We present constraints on the molecular outflows in a sample of five
Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies using Herschel observations of the OH doublet
at 119 {\mu}m. We have detected the OH doublet in three cases: one purely in
emission and two purely in absorption. The observed emission profile has a
significant blueshifted wing suggesting the possibility of tracing an outflow.
Out of the two absorption profiles, one seems to be consistent with the
systemic velocity while the other clearly indicates the presence of a molecular
outflow whose maximum velocity is about ~1500 km/s. Our analysis shows that
this system is in general agreement with previous results on Ultra-luminous
Infrared Galaxies and QSOs, whose outflow velocities do not seem to correlate
with stellar masses or starburst luminosities (star formation rates). Instead
the galaxy outflow likely arises from an embedded AGN.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 13 pages, 11 figures, 4 table
- âŠ