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The critical events for motor-sensory temporal recalibration
Determining if we, or another agent, were responsible for a sensory event can require an accurate sense of timing. Our sense of appropriate timing relationships must, however, be malleable as there is a variable delay between the physical timing of an event and when sensory signals concerning that event are encoded in the brain. One dramatic demonstration of such malleability involves having people repeatedly press a button thereby causing a beep. If a delay is inserted between button presses and beeps, when it is subsequently taken away beeps can seem to precede the button presses that caused them. For this to occur it is important that people feel they were responsible for instigating the beeps. In terms of their timing, as yet it is not clear what combination of events is important for motor-sensory temporal recalibration. Here, by introducing ballistic reaches of short or longer extent before a button press, we varied the delay between the intention to act and the sensory consequence of that action. This manipulation failed to modulate recalibration magnitude. By contrast, introducing a similarly lengthened delay between button presses and consequent beeps eliminated recalibration. Thus it would seem that the critical timing relationship for motor-sensory temporal recalibration is between tactile signals relating to the completion of an action and the subsequent auditory percept
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Spatial grouping resolves ambiguity to drive temporal recalibration.
Cross-modal temporal recalibration describes a shift in the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) between 2 events following repeated exposure to asynchronous cross-modal inputs-the adaptors. Previous research suggested that audiovisual recalibration is insensitive to the spatial relationship between the adaptors. Here we show that audiovisual recalibration can be driven by cross-modal spatial grouping. Twelve participants adapted to alternating trains of lights and tones. Spatial position was manipulated, with alternating sequences of a light then a tone, or a tone then a light, presented on either side of fixation (e.g., left tone-left light-right tone-right light, etc.). As the events were evenly spaced in time, in the absence of spatial-based grouping it would be unclear if tones were leading or lagging lights. However, any grouping of spatially colocalized cross-modal events would result in an unambiguous sense of temporal order. We found that adapting to these stimuli caused the PSS between subsequent lights and tones to shift toward the temporal relationship implied by spatial-based grouping. These data therefore show that temporal recalibration is facilitated by spatial grouping. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
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Neural correlates of subjective timing precision and confidence
Humans perceptual judgments are imprecise, as repeated exposures to the same physical stimulation (e.g. audio-visual inputs separated by a constant temporal offset) can result in different decisions. Moreover, there can be marked individual differences – precise judges will repeatedly make the same decision about a given input, whereas imprecise judges will make different decisions. The causes are unclear. We examined this using audio-visual (AV) timing and confidence judgments, in conjunction with electroencephalography (EEG) and multivariate pattern classification analyses. One plausible cause of differences in timing precision is that it scales with variance in the dynamics of evoked brain activity. Another possibility is that equally reliable patterns of brain activity are evoked, but there are systematic differences that scale with precision. Trial-by-trial decoding of input timings from brain activity suggested precision differences may not result from variable dynamics. Instead, precision was associated with evoked responses that were exaggerated (more different from baseline) ~300 ms after initial physical stimulations. We suggest excitatory and inhibitory interactions within a winner-take-all neural code for AV timing might exaggerate responses, such that evoked response magnitudes post-stimulation scale with encoding success
High temperature color conductivity at next-to-leading log order
The non-Abelian analog of electrical conductivity at high temperature has
previously been known only at leading logarithmic order: that is, neglecting
effects suppressed only by an inverse logarithm of the gauge coupling. We
calculate the first sub-leading correction. This has immediate application to
improving, to next-to-leading log order, both effective theories of
non-perturbative color dynamics, and calculations of the hot electroweak baryon
number violation rate.Comment: 47 pages, 6+2 figure
Noisy Optimization: Convergence with a Fixed Number of Resamplings
It is known that evolution strategies in continuous domains might not
converge in the presence of noise. It is also known that, under mild
assumptions, and using an increasing number of resamplings, one can mitigate
the effect of additive noise and recover convergence. We show new sufficient
conditions for the convergence of an evolutionary algorithm with constant
number of resamplings; in particular, we get fast rates (log-linear
convergence) provided that the variance decreases around the optimum slightly
faster than in the so-called multiplicative noise model. Keywords: Noisy
optimization, evolutionary algorithm, theory.Comment: EvoStar (2014
Selective decay by Casimir dissipation in fluids
The problem of parameterizing the interactions of larger scales and smaller
scales in fluid flows is addressed by considering a property of two-dimensional
incompressible turbulence. The property we consider is selective decay, in
which a Casimir of the ideal formulation (enstrophy in 2D flows, helicity in 3D
flows) decays in time, while the energy stays essentially constant. This paper
introduces a mechanism that produces selective decay by enforcing Casimir
dissipation in fluid dynamics. This mechanism turns out to be related in
certain cases to the numerical method of anticipated vorticity discussed in
\cite{SaBa1981,SaBa1985}. Several examples are given and a general theory of
selective decay is developed that uses the Lie-Poisson structure of the ideal
theory. A scale-selection operator allows the resulting modifications of the
fluid motion equations to be interpreted in several examples as parameterizing
the nonlinear, dynamical interactions between disparate scales. The type of
modified fluid equation systems derived here may be useful in modelling
turbulent geophysical flows where it is computationally prohibitive to rely on
the slower, indirect effects of a realistic viscosity, such as in large-scale,
coherent, oceanic flows interacting with much smaller eddies
Neutral genetic drift can aid functional protein evolution
BACKGROUND: Many of the mutations accumulated by naturally evolving proteins
are neutral in the sense that they do not significantly alter a protein's
ability to perform its primary biological function. However, new protein
functions evolve when selection begins to favor other, "promiscuous" functions
that are incidental to a protein's biological role. If mutations that are
neutral with respect to a protein's primary biological function cause
substantial changes in promiscuous functions, these mutations could enable
future functional evolution.
RESULTS: Here we investigate this possibility experimentally by examining how
cytochrome P450 enzymes that have evolved neutrally with respect to activity on
a single substrate have changed in their abilities to catalyze reactions on
five other substrates. We find that the enzymes have sometimes changed as much
as four-fold in the promiscuous activities. The changes in promiscuous
activities tend to increase with the number of mutations, and can be largely
rationalized in terms of the chemical structures of the substrates. The
activities on chemically similar substrates tend to change in a coordinated
fashion, potentially providing a route for systematically predicting the change
in one function based on the measurement of several others.
CONCLUSIONS: Our work suggests that initially neutral genetic drift can lead
to substantial changes in protein functions that are not currently under
selection, in effect poising the proteins to more readily undergo functional
evolution should selection "ask new questions" in the future
Pesin's Formula for Random Dynamical Systems on
Pesin's formula relates the entropy of a dynamical system with its positive
Lyapunov exponents. It is well known, that this formula holds true for random
dynamical systems on a compact Riemannian manifold with invariant probability
measure which is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. We
will show that this formula remains true for random dynamical systems on
which have an invariant probability measure absolutely continuous to the
Lebesgue measure on . Finally we will show that a broad class of
stochastic flows on of a Kunita type satisfies Pesin's formula.Comment: 35 page
Low-lying bifurcations in cavity quantum electrodynamics
The interplay of quantum fluctuations with nonlinear dynamics is a central
topic in the study of open quantum systems, connected to fundamental issues
(such as decoherence and the quantum-classical transition) and practical
applications (such as coherent information processing and the development of
mesoscopic sensors/amplifiers). With this context in mind, we here present a
computational study of some elementary bifurcations that occur in a driven and
damped cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) model at low intracavity
photon number. In particular, we utilize the single-atom cavity QED Master
Equation and associated Stochastic Schrodinger Equations to characterize the
equilibrium distribution and dynamical behavior of the quantized intracavity
optical field in parameter regimes near points in the semiclassical
(mean-field, Maxwell-Bloch) bifurcation set. Our numerical results show that
the semiclassical limit sets are qualitatively preserved in the quantum
stationary states, although quantum fluctuations apparently induce phase
diffusion within periodic orbits and stochastic transitions between attractors.
We restrict our attention to an experimentally realistic parameter regime.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, submitted to PR
Nonlinear dynamics of mode-locking optical fiber ring lasers
We consider a model of a mode-locked fiber ring laser for which the evolution of a propagating pulse in a birefringent optical fiber is periodically perturbed by rotation of the polarization state owing to the presence of a passive polarizer. The stable modes of operation of this laser that correspond to pulse trains with uniform amplitudes are fully classified. Four parameters, i.e., polarization, phase, amplitude, and chirp, are essential for an understanding of the resultant pulse-train uniformity. A reduced set of four coupled nonlinear differential equations that describe the leading-order pulse dynamics is found by use of the variational nature of the governing equations. Pulse-train uniformity is achieved in three parameter regimes in which the amplitude and the chirp decouple from the polarization and the phase. Alignment of the polarizer either near the slow or the fast axis of the fiber is sufficient to establish this stable mode locking
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