A case of effective single-session treatment for attention deficit and learning problems in a routine clinical practice : the value of a transdiagnostic approach to case formulation

This article reports a systematic clinical case study of the psychological assessment and treatment of Daniel (9), a coloured South African boy with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (inattentive type). The case is of scientific interest because: (1) there was only a single treatment session, in which contingency management training was delivered to Daniel’s parents and teacher; (2) there was evidence for the effectiveness of the intervention immediately and at two-year follow-up; (3) it documents the transportability to a South African context of an intervention developed by overseas research; (4) it documents the central role of case formulation in the delivery of effective psychological interventions; and (5) although Daniel met the criteria for ADHD, he also displayed symptoms of depression and social anxiety and the case supports the use of a transdiagnostic approach to case formulation. The conscientiousness with which his parents and teachers applied the programme was a major factor in the effectiveness of the intervention, and such rapid impact would not be possible where parents and teachers are unavailable or not co-operative. The publication of systematic case studies such as this one is important for the development of a local evidence-based practice in South Africa

Experimental Characterization of Gas Turbine Emissions at Simulated Flight Altitude Conditions

NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) is developing a scientific basis for assessment of the atmospheric impact of subsonic and supersonic aviation. A primary goal is to assist assessments of United Nations scientific organizations and hence, consideration of emissions standards by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Engine tests have been conducted at AEDC to fulfill the need of AEAP. The purpose of these tests is to obtain a comprehensive database to be used for supplying critical information to the atmospheric research community. It includes: (1) simulated sea-level-static test data as well as simulated altitude data; and (2) intrusive (extractive probe) data as well as non-intrusive (optical techniques) data. A commercial-type bypass engine with aviation fuel was used in this test series. The test matrix was set by parametrically selecting the temperature, pressure, and flow rate at sea-level-static and different altitudes to obtain a parametric set of data

PM Emission From a Commercial Jet Engine -- Project APEX

Project APEX (Aircraft Particle Emissions eXperiment) was a multi-agency commercial aircraft emission characterization and technology demonstration experiment. Its objective was to characterize particle and trace gas precursor species in the emissions from a NASA DC-8 aircraft with General Electric CFM56-2C1 engines at the engine exit plane as well as selected down stream locations. This was to advance the understanding of particle emissions and their evolution in the atmosphere from a current in-service turbofan engine. The test was conducted at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base California during April 15-30, 2004. Participants included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Defense, the aviation industry (General Electric, Pratt and Whitney, and Boeing), and the research community (Aerodyne Research Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Process Metrix, University of California-Riverside, and University of Missouri-Rolla)

Influence of Ambient Temperature on the PM Emissions from a Gas Turbine Engine

During Project AAFEX, PM emissions measurements were conducted on a CFM56-2C1 gas turbine engine in January 2009 in Palmdale CA. The engine was mounted on a NASA DC-8 aircraft, which was parked on the runway, and emission samples were extracted at the engine exit plane (1m), in the near field (30m), and in the advected plume (145m). The engine was operated at several power levels, and burned several fuels: JP-8, a Fischer-Tropsch fuel derived from natural gas (FT1), and a second Fischer-Tropsch fuel derived from gasified coal (FT2). In addition to these fuels, 50:50 blends of the Fischer-Tropsch fuels and JP-8 were also studied. Wide variations in ambient temperature, especially between early morning and late afternoon were experienced during the campaign. This report summarizes and describes the results of AAFEX, in terms of the influence of ambient temperature on total PM emissions at the exit plane of a CFM56-2C1 engine

Emissions from Alternate Aviation Fuels and their Environmental Impact

Track II: Transportation and BiofuelsIncludes audio file (19 min.)The anticipated growth in commercial air traffic, rising fuel costs, and an increasing desire to reduce reliance on fossil fuels produced in politically unstable regions, has driven research into alternate renewable fuels, either from biomass (Biofuels) or synthesis from coal, natural gas and other renewable feedstocks (Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels). Industry and government has recently sponsored (Dec 07, Jan 09) two engine emission tests led in part by the Missouri S&T team. The tests focused on burning alternative and conventional fuels and associated blends in CFM56-type commercial gas turbine engines. The CFM56 engine type is the most common engine in the global commercial fleet powering greater than 70% of the US domestic fleet. The purpose of these emission tests was to quantify any differences in particulate matter (PM) and hazardous air pollutants (HAP) emissions observed between the different fuels, and assess the environmental impacts that may result from these differences. The PM measurements indicate that, especially for the 100% F-T fuel, PM number and mass are diminished at all powers relative to conventional fuels. Some significant differences in hydro-carbon speciation were also observed for the 100% F-T fuel. Differences were less pronounce for the blends. This paper will present a concise summary of the results of these measurement campaigns along with an assessment of any associated environmental impact changes, focusing mainly on airport local air quality and the global atmosphere

In Situ Measurement of the Aerosol Size Distribution in Stratospheric Solid Rocket Motor Exhaust Plumes

The concentration and size distribution of aerosol in the stratospheric exhaust plumes of two Space Shuttle rockets and one Titan IV rocket were measured using a two component aerosol sampling system carried aboard a WB‐57F aircraft. Aerosol size distribution in the 0.01 µm to 4 µm diameter size range was measured using a two component sampling system. The measured distributions display a trimodal form with modes near 0.005 µm, 0.09 µm, and 2.03 µm and are used to infer the relative mass fractionation among the three modes. While the smallest mode has been estimated to contain as much as 10% of the total mass of SRM exhaust alumina, we find show that the smallest mode contains less than 0.05% of the alumina mass. This fraction is so small so as to significantly reduce the likelihood that heterogeneous reactions on the SRM alumina surfaces could produce a significant global impact on stratospheric chemistry

Particle Concentration Characterization for Jet Engine Emissions under Cruise Conditions

Airborne particle measurements during NASA project SUCCESS have shown that particle concentration profiles serve as good indicators of aircraft exhaust plume encounters. During exhaust plume penetrations there is a strong anticorrelation between the ratio of nonvolatile/total particulates and Nitrogen Oxide (NO) concentrations. an increase in fuel sulfur content was found to increase the total particle emission index, while the nonvolatile emission index remained unchanged. the EI\u27s increased by a factor of 2.6 as the fuel sulfur increased from 70 - 700 ppm. the large particle size distribution (200-400 nm) was seen as a good long term indicator of an aircraft exhaust plume. Airborne particle measurements during NASA project SUCCESS have shown that particle concentration profiles serve as good indicators of aircraft exhaust plume encounters. During exhaust plume penetrations there is a strong anticorrelation between the ratio of nonvolatile/total particulates and Nitrogen Oxide (NO) concentrations. an increase in fuel sulfur content was found to increase the total particle emission index, while the nonvolatile emission index remained unchanged. the EI\u27s increased by a factor of 2.6 as the fuel sulfur increased from 70-700 ppm. the large particle size distribution (200-400 nm) was seen as a good long term indicator of an aircraft exhaust plume

Particulate Sizing and Emission Indices for a Jet Engine Exhaust Sampled At Cruise

Particle size and emission indices measurements for jet engines, primarily the Rolls Royce RB211 engines on a NASA 757 aircraft are reported. These data were used to estimate the fraction of fuel sulfur that was converted to particulates. These measurements were made in-situ with the sampling aircraft several kilometers behind the source. Some complimentary ground measurements on the same source aircraft and engines are also reported. Significant differences are seen between the ground observations and the in-situ observations, indicating that plume processes are changing the aerosol\u27s characteristics

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of different grades of wc-co, high-cr white cast irons and hadfield steel in 1 m sulphuric acid

Electrochemical polarisation tests were carried out on three grades of WC-Co cemented carbides to investigate the corrosive behaviour of the hardmetals and rank them as viable protective liners for chutes and skips in the mining industry. The cobalt binder content and WC particle size varied. The binder content ranged from 6–12 wt%, and the grain size of the WC particles ranged from 0.4–2.3 µm. The performance of the WC-Co hardmetal was compared to three different grades of high chromium white cast irons and Hadfield steel. The cast irons varied in both their chromium content and the morphology of the Cr-rich primary carbides. Potentiodynamic polarisation and linear polarization resistance scans were used to determine the corrosion current density and other electrochemical parameters. The microstructural characteristics of the samples were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and optical microscopy. The potentiodynamic scans revealed that, although the WC-Co alloys were found to have generally improved corrosion resistance, it was the high-Cr white cast iron (22 wt% Cr) that recorded the lowest corrosion current density and therefore displayed the best resistance against corrosive attack in 1 M H2SO4. The Hadfield steel exhibited the poorest resistance to corrosion and therefore, suffered the most degradation to its exposed surface