In vivo anomalous diffusion and weak ergodicity breaking of lipid granules

Combining extensive single particle tracking microscopy data of endogenous lipid granules in living fission yeast cells with analytical results we show evidence for anomalous diffusion and weak ergodicity breaking. Namely we demonstrate that at short times the granules perform subdiffusion according to the laws of continuous time random walk theory. The associated violation of ergodicity leads to a characteristic turnover between two scaling regimes of the time averaged mean squared displacement. At longer times the granule motion is consistent with fractional Brownian motion.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, REVTeX. Supplementary Material. Physical Review Letters, at pres

Dietary Acid-Binding Capacity-4 Influences Nursery Pig Performance and Fecal Dry Matter

A total of 360 pigs (200 × 400 DNA; initially 12.9 lb) were used to evaluate the impact of increasing the acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) of the diet on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with phase 1 being from d 0 to 10 post-weaning followed by phase 2 from d 10 to 23. Diets were formulated with increasing ABC-4 levels ranging from 150 meq/kg (diet 1, low ABC-4) to 312 meq/kg (diet 5, high ABC-4) in phase 1 and 200 meq/kg (diet 1, low ABC-4) to 343 meq/kg (diet 5, high ABC-4) in phase 2. For diet 1, the low ABC-4 diets were formulated using specialty soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Newport Beach, CA) at 12.50 and 10.00% of the diet in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The low ABC-4 diet also utilized fumaric acid and formic acid at 0.50 and 0.48% of the diet, respectively for both phase 1 and 2. For diets 2 (medium low), 3 (medium), 4 (medium high), and 5 (high), increasing ABC-4 of the diet was achieved by progressively decreasing the level of acidifiers and replacing specialty soy protein concentrate with enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) on an SID Lys basis. Diets 1 through 5 were formulated without the inclusion of ZnO. For diet 6, a positive control diet was utilized which had the same formulation as the highest ABC-4 diet but with the addition of pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO. Following phase 2, all pigs were placed on a common diet until d 38 of the study. In the experimental period (d 0 to 23) and overall (d 0 to 38), a quadratic response was observed (P ≤ 0.030) where BW and ADG were highest for pigs fed the medium low and medium ABC-4 diets. During the experimental period (d 0 to 23), pigs fed increasing ABC-4 levels had poorer (linear, P = 0.002) F/G. For overall F/G, a quadratic response was observed (P = 0.023) where F/G was most improved for pigs fed the medium low and medium ABC-4 levels. Pigs fed diets with ZnO had increased (P ≤ 0.038) ADG compared to pigs fed diets without ZnO during the experimental period and overall. In summary, pharmacological levels of Zn improved nursery pig performance as expected. The medium low and medium ABC-4 levels improved performance compared to higher ABC-4 levels, suggesting an optimal ABC-4 level of the diet for this study would be at or below 256 and 295 meq/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively

Evaluation of Corn Protein Source on Feed Intake Preference in Nursery Pigs

A total of 180 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 17.0 ±1.6 lb) were used to determine feed intake preference from various corn protein sources. A series of 5-day preference trials were used with two diets offered within each comparison with feeder location rotated daily within each pen. Feed consumption was used to determine preference between each diet comparison. There were 6 replicates of each diet comparison. The corn protein sources utilized in this experiment included: fermented corn protein, high protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HPDDGs), whole stillage solids (approximately 2/3 content of fermented corn protein), and thin stillage solids (approximately 1/3 content of fermented corn protein). Fermented corn protein and HPDDGs were included in the diet at 15% as a replacement for corn. Whole stillage solids and thin stillage solids were included in the diet at 10% and 5%, respectively, as a replacement to corn to match its contribution in fermented corn protein. The control diet was a standard nursery diet. Diet comparisons included: 1) Control vs. Fermented corn protein; 2) Whole stillage solids vs. Fermented corn protein; 3) Thin stillage solids vs. Fermented corn protein; 4) HPDDGs vs. Fermented corn protein; 5) Control vs. Whole stillage solids; 6) Control vs. Thin stillage solids. For comparison 1, pigs preferred (P \u3c 0.001) the control diet by consuming 82.5% of their intake with this diet compared with the diet containing fermented corn protein. For comparison 2, there was no difference (P \u3e 0.05) in feed consumption of diets containing whole stillage solids and the fermented corn protein. For comparison 3, pigs preferred (P = 0.001) the diet containing thin stillage solids by consuming 75.8% of their intake with this diet compared to the diet containing fermented corn protein. There was no difference when comparing fermented corn protein and whole stillage solids, but thin stillage solids had a higher percentage intake than fermented corn protein. Therefore, it is likely that whole stillage solids are the component of fermented corn protein that negatively affect feed consumption

Evaluation of How Nursery Pig Performance is Affected by Fermented Corn Protein as a Replacement to Enzymatically Treated Soybean Meal Along With High or Low Branch Chain Amino Acid to Leucine Ratios

Two experiments were conducted to determine if fermented corn protein can serve as a replacement to enzymatically treated soybean meal and what the effects may be with high or low branch chain amino acids (BCAA):Leu ratios on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 350 barrows (200 × 400, DNA; initially 13.2 lb) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 5 or 10% fermented corn protein or enzymatically treated soybean meal. Pigs were fed phase 1 diets for 10 d followed by phase 2 diets for 21 d. There were no interactions observed throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0 to 31), pigs fed increasing levels of fermented corn protein had decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.026) BW, ADG, and ADFI with no differences in F/G, whereas increasing enzymatically treated soybean meal had no effect on growth performance. Pigs fed enzymatically treated soybean meal had improved (P ≤ 0.034) BW, ADG, and F/G compared to pigs fed fermented corn protein diets, with no effect on ADFI. In Exp. 2, a total of 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 26.7 lb) were used to determine the effects of fermented corn protein with high or low BCAA:Leu ratio on nursery pig growth performance. At weaning, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen). On d 24 after weaning (d 0 of the trial), pens of pigs were weighed and then allotted to treatment. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 14 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial. Diets consisted of 10 or 20% fermented corn protein either with high or low BCAA:Leu in addition to a control diet. There was no interaction observed between fermented corn protein concentration and BCAA:Leu. Overall (d 0 to 21), BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G worsened (linear, P \u3c 0.001) as fermented corn protein increased in the diet. High BCAA:Leu improved (P = 0.023) F/G compared to low BCAA:Leu with no effect on BW, ADG, and ADFI. In summary, using fermented corn protein to replace enzymatically treated soybean meal in phase 1 and 2 diets of nursery pigs diminished growth performance. Increasing concentrations of fermented corn protein in phase 3 worsened growth performance and increasing BCAA:Leu only improved the feed efficiency