918 research outputs found
A Symmetric Approach to the Massive Nonlinear Sigma Model
In the present paper we extend to the massive case the procedure of
divergences subtraction, previously introduced for the massless nonlinear sigma
model (D=4). Perturbative expansion in the number of loops is successfully
constructed. The resulting theory depends on the Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
parameter v, on the mass m and on the radiative correction parameter \Lambda.
Fermions are not considered in the present work. SU(2) X SU(2) is the group
used.Comment: 20 page
Time-dependent Maxwell field operators and field energy density for an atom near a conducting wall
We consider the time evolution of the electric and magnetic field operators
for a two-level atom, interacting with the electromagnetic field, placed near
an infinite perfectly conducting wall. We solve iteratively the Heisenberg
equations for the field operators and obtain the electric and magnetic energy
density operators around the atom (valid for any initial state). Then we
explicitly evaluate them for an initial state with the atom in its bare ground
state and the field in the vacuum state. We show that the results can be
physically interpreted as the superposition of the fields propagating directly
from the atom and the fields reflected on the wall. Relativistic causality in
the field propagation is discussed. Finally we apply these results to the
calculation of the dynamical Casimir-Polder interaction energy in the far zone
between two atoms when a boundary condition such as a conducting wall is
present. Magnetic contributions to the interatomic Casimir-Polder interaction
in the presence of the wall are also considered. We show that, in the limit of
large times, the known results of the stationary case are recovered.Comment: 11 page
The SU(2) ⊗ U(1) Electroweak Model Based on the Nonlinearly Realized Gauge Group. II. Functional Equations and the Weak Power-Counting
In the present paper, that is the second part devoted to the construction of an electroweak model based on a nonlinear realization of the gauge group SU(2) ⊗ U(1), we study the tree-level vertex functional with all the sources necessary for the functional formulation of the relevant symmetries (Local Functional Equation, Slavnov–Taylor identity, Landau Gauge Equation) and for the symmetric removal of the divergences. The Weak Power Counting criterion is proven in the presence of the novel sources. The local invariant solutions of the functional equations are constructed in order to represent the counterterms for the one-loop subtractions. The bleaching technique is fully extended to the fermion sector. The neutral sector of the vector mesons is analyzed in detail in order to identify the physical fields for the photon and the Z boson. The identities necessary for the decoupling of the unphysical modes are fully analyzed. These latter results are crucially bound to the Landau gauge used throughout the paper.United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Research Agreement DE FG02-05ER41360
Analysis of spatio-temporal Bactrocera oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae) infestation distributions obtained from a large-scale monitoring network and its importance to IPM
Bactrocera oleae is the key-pest considered in the “Olive-oil quality improvement project”
in Tuscany (Italy). In this region, a network of 286 representative farms has been created in 2002 for
monitoring weekly olive fruit-fly infestations, and the obtained data have been used in advising
farmers on B. oleae control. The field observations were made by the regional extension service, and
data have been collected from an internet-based monitoring network implemented in the Landscape
Entomology Laboratory (LELab) of Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna. In this paper, we rely on the
Geographic Positioning System (GPS) to locate the monitoring farms and make use of farm-specific
information to analyze the regional spatial pattern of B. oleae infestions. Data analysis has been
performed with Arcview 8.2, and we used variograms to model autocorrelations between sample
points and cross-validation to identify the most reliable index. We consider the utility of Geographic
Information System for spatial analysis at the landscape (or large) scale and kriging technique to
interpolate between sample points. The resultant map can be used to predict the beginning of B. oleae
infestations
Low temperature deactivation of Ge heavily n-type doped by ion implantation and laser thermal annealing
International audienceHeavy doping of Ge is crucial for several advanced micro-and optoelectronic applications, but, at the same time, it still remains extremely challenging. Ge heavily n-type doped at a concentration of 1 X 10(20) cm(-3) by As ion implantation and melting laser thermal annealing (LTA) is shown here to be highly metastable. Upon post-LTA conventional thermal annealing As electrically deactivates already at 350 degrees C reaching an active concentration of similar to 4 x 10(19) cm(-3). No significant As diffusion is detected up to 450 degrees C, where the As activation decreases further to similar to 3 x 10(19) cm(-3). The reason for the observed detrimental deactivation was investigated by Atom Probe Tomography and in situ High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction measurements. In general, the thermal stability of heavily doped Ge layers needs to be carefully evaluated because, as shown here, deactivation might occur at very low temperatures, close to those required for low resistivity Ohmic contacting of n-type Ge
BAFF Index and CXCL13 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid associate respectively with intrathecal IgG synthesis and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis at clinical onset
Abstract
Background
B lymphocytes are thought to play a relevant role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. The in vivo analysis of intrathecally produced B cell-related cytokines may help to clarify the mechanisms of B cell recruitment and immunoglobulin production within the central nervous system (CNS) in MS.
Methods
Paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum specimens from 40 clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS or early-onset relapsing-remitting MS patients (CIS/eRRMS) and 17 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed for the intrathecal synthesis of IgG (quantitative formulae and IgG oligoclonal bands, IgGOB), CXCL13, BAFF, and IL-21. 3D-FLAIR, 3D-DIR, and 3D-T1 MRI sequences were applied to evaluate white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) lesions and global cortical thickness (gCTh).
Results
Compared to HC, CIS/eRRMS having IgGOB (IgGOB+, 26 patients) had higher intrathecal IgG indexes ( p \u2009<\u20090.01), lower values of BAFF Index (11.9\u2009\ub1\u20096.1 vs 17.5\u2009\ub1\u20095.2, p \u2009<\u20090.01), and higher CSF CXCL13 levels (27.7\u2009\ub1\u200933.5 vs 0.9\u2009\ub1\u20091.5, p \u2009<\u20090.005). In these patients, BAFF Index but not CSF CXCL13 levels inversely correlated with the intrathecal IgG synthesis ( r \u2009>\u20090.5 and p \u2009<\u20090.05 for all correlations). CSF leukocyte counts were significantly higher in IgGOB+ compared to IgGOB\u2212 ( p \u2009<\u20090.05) and HC ( p \u2009<\u20090.01), and correlated to CSF CXCL13 concentrations ( r 0.77, p \u2009<\u20090.001).
The gCTh was significantly lower in patients with higher CSF CXCL13 levels (2.41\u2009\ub1\u20090.1 vs 2.49\u2009\ub1\u20090.1\ua0mm, p \u2009<\u20090.05), while no difference in MRI parameters of WM and GM pathology was observed between IgGOB+ and IgGOB\u2212.
Conclusions
The intrathecal IgG synthesis inversely correlated with BAFF Index and showed no correlation with CSF CXCL13. These findings seem to indicate that intrathecally synthesized IgG are produced by long-term PCs that have entered the CNS from the peripheral blood, rather than produced by PCs developed in the meningeal follicle-like structures (FLS). In this study, CXCL13 identifies a subgroup of MS patients characterized by ..
Essential nonlinearities in hearing
Our hearing organ, the cochlea, evidently poises itself at a Hopf bifurcation
to maximize tuning and amplification. We show that in this condition several
effects are expected to be generic: compression of the dynamic range,
infinitely shrap tuning at zero input, and generation of combination tones.
These effects are "essentially" nonlinear in that they become more marked the
smaller the forcing: there is no audible sound soft enough not to evoke them.
All the well-documented nonlinear aspects of hearing therefore appear to be
consequences of the same underlying mechanism.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Path-integral over non-linearly realized groups and Hierarchy solutions
The technical problem of deriving the full Green functions of the elementary
pion fields of the nonlinear sigma model in terms of ancestor amplitudes
involving only the flat connection and the nonlinear sigma model constraint is
a very complex task. In this paper we solve this problem by integrating, order
by order in the perturbative loop expansion, the local functional equation
derived from the invariance of the SU(2) Haar measure under local left
multiplication. This yields the perturbative definition of the path-integral
over the non-linearly realized SU(2) group.Comment: 26 page
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