438 research outputs found
Techniques for improving the low-frequency performance of small reverberation chambers
Small reverberation chamber low frequency performance characteristic
Effects of the mixed phosphodiesterase III/IV inhibitor, zardaverine, on airway function in patients with chronic airflow obstruction
AbstractZardaverine is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) III and IV isozymes. It has been shown to exert potent bronchodilator effects in animals. In order to study the efficacy and safety in man, a phase II clinical trial in 10 patients with partially reversible chronic airflow obstruction was carried out. The trial was designed as a double-blind, randomized, five-period change-over study. Zardaverine (at single doses of 1·5 mg, 3·0 mg, or 6·0 mg), salbutamol (0·3 mg) and placebo were administered by metered dose inhaler on separate days. As evaluated by spirometry over a time period of 4 h, salbutamol induced a significant bronchodilatation. In contrast, zardaverine did not improve airway function in these patients. Unwanted effects of the study medication were not observed
Bioacoustics and biophysical analysis of a newly described highly transparent genus of predatory katydids from the Andean cloud forest (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae: Phlugidini)
Transparency is a greatly advantageous form of camouflage, allowing species to passively avoid detection regardless of the properties of the surface which they occupy. However, it is uncommon and poorly understood in terrestrial species. In one tribe of predacious katydids (Phlugidini), transparency is paired with highly ultrasonic communication for increased predator evasion, yet little is known about the singing capabilities of these species, with only one genus of Phlugidini acoustically well described to date. Here, we describe Speculophlugis hishquten new genus and species of highly transparent crystal katydid species from the Andean cloud forest, discussing the potential use of this species for non-invasive studies of internal anatomy, and analysing its ultrasonic call. Using laser Doppler vibrometry and light microscopy techniques, we found the transparency of the cuticle around the hearing apparatus to be 85-87 % at the wavelength of the laser beam (633 nm), making S. hishquten a candidate for the highest recorded cuticle transparency of any insect. The male song has a fundamental frequency of 50 kHz, matching both the ultrasonic call range and rapid call structure of other Phlugidini species. However, the extent of ultrasonic communication and the level of transparency across the Phlugidini tribe requires more attention
Estimating Emission Control Costs: A Comparison of the Approaches Implemented in the EC-EFOM-ENV and the IIASA-RAINS Models
The paper introduces two major model approaches to estimate emission control costs and develops a methodology to introduce results of energy flow optimization models (such as EFOM-ENV) into models for integrated assessment of acidification control strategies (such as the RAINS model). Based on a reference scenario for West Germany, national cost curves for reductions of SO2 and NOx emissions derived by both the EFOM-ENV and the RAINS model are compared. It is shown that -- as long as changes in the energy structure are excluded as means for reducing emissions -- results obtained from these models are comparable and the reasons for differences can be traced back to different input assumptions. However, as soon as energy conservation and fuel-substitution are utilized to reduce emissions, the simplified approach implemented in the RAINS model results in an overestimation of emission control costs
Development and validation of a patient‐assessed gastroparesis symptom severity measure: the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index
SummaryBackground : Patient‐based symptom assessments are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatments for gastroparesis.Aim : To summarize the development and measurement qualities of the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI), a new measure of gastroparesis‐related symptoms.Methods : The GCSI was based on reviews of the medical literature, clinician interviews and patient focus groups. The measurement qualities (i.e. reliability, validity) of the GCSI were examined in 169 gastroparesis patients. Patients were recruited from seven clinical centres in the USA to participate in this observational study. Patients completed the GCSI, SF‐36 Health Survey and disability day questions at a baseline visit and again after 8 weeks. Clinicians independently rated the severity of the patients' symptoms, and both clinicians and patients rated the change in gastroparesis‐related symptoms over the 8‐week study.Results: The GCSI consists of three sub‐scales: post‐prandial fullness/early satiety, nausea/vomiting and bloating. The internal consistency reliability was 0.84 and the test–re‐test reliability was 0.76 for the GCSI total score. Significant relationships were observed between the clinician‐assessed symptom severity and the GCSI total score, and significant associations were found between the GCSI scores and SF‐36 physical and mental component summary scores and restricted activity and bed disability days. Patients with greater symptom severity, as rated by clinicians, reported greater symptom severity on the GCSI. The GCSI total scores were responsive to changes in overall gastroparesis symptoms as assessed by clinicians (P = 0.0002) and patients (P = 0.002).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the GCSI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the symptom severity in patients with gastroparesis
Coherence and phase techniques applied to noise diagnosis in the NASA Ames 7 times 10-foot wind tunnel no. 1
Measurements have been made of coherence and phase spectra for the acoustic field in a subsonic wind tunnel. The data are interpreted in terms of simple analytical models for propagating and diffuse noise fields, including the presence of uncorrelated noise signals. It is found that low frequency noise propagates upstream and downstream from the fan, with the noise in the test section arriving in the upstream direction. High frequency sound is generated in the test section and propagates upstream and downstream. In the low frequency range, the ratio of diffuse to propagating energy is about eight for all locations in the test section, diffuser, and settling chamber; the value of the ratio increases with frequency
Recommended from our members
Longitudinal Trajectories of the Cognitive Function Index in the A4 Study.
BACKGROUND: The Anti-Amyloid in Asymptomatic Alzheimers Disease (A4) Study failed to show a treatment benefit with solanezumab, but the longitudinal consequences of elevated amyloid were observed in study participants with objective decline on the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC) and subjective decline on the combined Cognitive Function Index (participant + study partner CFI), during the trial period. OBJECTIVES: We sought to expand on previous findings by comparing longitudinal patterns of participant and study partner CFI separately and their associations with the PACC stratified by baseline amyloid tertile over the course of the A4 Study. DESIGN: Cognitively unimpaired older adult participants and their study partners were independently administered the CFI at screen prior to amyloid PET disclosure and then at 3 subsequent visits (week 48, week 168, week 240) of the study. PACC collected at visits concurrent with CFI administration were also examined longitudinally. SETTING: The A4 Study was conducted at 67 sites in Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 1,147 participants with elevated amyloid based on florbetapir PET were enrolled in the A4 Study and included in these analyses. 583 were on placebo and 564 were treated with solanezumab. MEASUREMENTS: The PACC was used to assess objective cognitive performance and the CFI was used to assess change in everyday cognitive functioning by the participant and their study partner independently. Amyloid level was characterized by Centiloid tertiles (<46.1 CL, 46.1 to 77.2 CL, >77.2 CL). Participants were aware of their elevated amyloid status, but not their CL tertile, or specific level of amyloid. Longitudinal correlations between participant and study partner CFI and PACC were examined at all visits where assessments were available. The impact of baseline amyloid tertile on CFI and PACC associations was also examined. RESULTS: Both participant and study partner CFI increased over the duration of the study indicating worsening cognitive functioning. Results did not differ by treatment group. The association between higher CFI and worse PACC for both for participant and study partner became progressively stronger over the course of the study. PACC had a significantly higher correlation with study partner CFI than with participant CFI by week 168. The stronger correlations between study partner CFI and PACC were driven by those in the highest amyloid tertile. CONCLUSION: Both participant and study partner report captured subtle changes in everyday cognitive functioning for participants with biomarker confirmed and disclosed preclinical AD. Moreover, study partner report was most highly aligned with cognitive decline, particularly among those with the highest amyloid load
Versatile Aggressive Mimicry of Cicadas by an Australian Predatory Katydid
Background: In aggressive mimicry, a predator or parasite imitates a signal of another species in order to exploit the recipient of the signal. Some of the most remarkable examples of aggressive mimicry involve exploitation of a complex signal-response system by an unrelated predator species. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have found that predatory Chlorobalius leucoviridis katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) can attract male cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) by imitating the species-specific wing-flick replies of sexually receptive female cicadas. This aggressive mimicry is accomplished both acoustically, with tegminal clicks, and visually, with synchronized body jerks. Remarkably, the katydids respond effectively to a variety of complex, species-specific Cicadettini songs, including songs of many cicada species that the predator has never encountered. Conclusions/Significance: We propose that the versatility of aggressive mimicry in C. leucoviridis is accomplished by exploiting general design elements common to the songs of many acoustically signaling insects that use duets in pairformation. Consideration of the mechanism of versatile mimicry in C. leucoviridis may illuminate processes driving the evolution of insect acoustic signals, which play a central role in reproductive isolation of populations and the formation of species
- …