Understanding the Evolutionary Relationships and Major Traits of \u3cem\u3eBacillus\u3c/em\u3e through Comparative Genomics

Background: The presence of Bacillus in very diverse environments reflects the versatile metabolic capabilities of a widely distributed genus. Traditional phylogenetic analysis based on limited gene sampling is not adequate for resolving the genus evolutionary relationships. By distinguishing between core and pan-genome, we determined the evolutionary and functional relationships of known Bacillus. Results: Our analysis is based upon twenty complete and draft Bacillus genomes, including a newly sequenced Bacillus isolate from an aquatic environment that we report for the first time here. Using a core genome, we were able to determine the phylogeny of known Bacilli, including aquatic strains whose position in the phylogenetic tree could not be unambiguously determined in the past. Using the pan-genome from the sequenced Bacillus, we identified functional differences, such as carbohydrate utilization and genes involved in signal transduction, which distinguished the taxonomic groups. We also assessed the genetic architecture of the defining traits of Bacillus, such as sporulation and competence, and showed that less than one third of the B. subtilis genes are conserved across other Bacilli. Most variation was shown to occur in genes that are needed to respond to environmental cues, suggesting that Bacilli have genetically specialized to allow for the occupation of diverse habitats and niches. Conclusions: The aquatic Bacilli are defined here for the first time as a group through the phylogenetic analysis of 814 genes that comprise the core genome. Our data distinguished between genomic components, especially core vs. pan-genome to provide insight into phylogeny and function that would otherwise be difficult to achieve. A phylogeny may mask the diversity of functions, which we tried to uncover in our approach. The diversity of sporulation and competence genes across the Bacilli was unexpected based on previous studies of the B. subtilis model alone. The challenge of uncovering the novelties and variations among genes of the non-subtilis groups still remains. This task will be best accomplished by directing efforts toward understanding phylogenetic groups with similar ecological niches

Tracking the Evolution of A Coherent Magnetic Flux Rope Continuously from the Inner to the Outer Corona

The magnetic flux rope (MFR) is believed to be the underlying magnetic structure of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). However, it remains unclear how an MFR evolves into and forms the multi-component structure of a CME. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive study of an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) MFR eruption on 2013 May 22 by tracking its morphological evolution, studying its kinematics, and quantifying its thermal property. As EUV brightenings begin, the MFR starts to rise slowly and shows helical threads winding around an axis. Meanwhile, cool filamentary materials descend spirally down to the chromosphere. These features provide direct observational evidence of intrinsically helical structure of the MFR. Through detailed kinematical analysis, we find that the MFR evolution experiences two distinct phases: a slow rise phase and an impulsive acceleration phase. We attribute the first phase to the magnetic reconnection within the quasi-separatrix-layers surrounding the MFR, and the much more energetic second phase to the fast magnetic reconnection underneath the MFR. We suggest that the transition between these two phases be caused by the torus instability. Moreover, we identify that the MFR evolves smoothly into the outer corona and appears as a coherent structure within the white light CME volume. The MFR in the outer corona was enveloped by bright fronts that originated from plasma pile-up in front of the expanding MFR. The fronts are also associated with the preceding sheath region followed the outmost MFR-driven shock.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, and 1 table, accepted by ApJ; any comments are welcome

Loss of redundant gene expression after polyploidization in plants

Based on chromosomal location data of genes encoding 28 biochemical systems in allohexaploid wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (genomes AABBDD), it is concluded that the proportions of systems controlled by triplicate, duplicate, and single loci are 57%, 25%, and 18% respectively

A unique Fock quantization for fields in non-stationary spacetimes

In curved spacetimes, the lack of criteria for the construction of a unique quantization is a fundamental problem undermining the significance of the predictions of quantum field theory. Inequivalent quantizations lead to different physics. Recently, however, some uniqueness results have been obtained for fields in non-stationary settings. In particular, for vacua that are invariant under the background symmetries, a unitary implementation of the classical evolution suffices to pick up a unique Fock quantization in the case of Klein-Gordon fields with time-dependent mass, propagating in a static spacetime whose spatial sections are three-spheres. In fact, the field equation can be reinterpreted as describing the propagation in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime after a suitable scaling of the field by a function of time. For this class of fields, we prove here an even stronger result about the Fock quantization: the uniqueness persists when one allows for linear time-dependent transformations of the field in order to account for a scaling by background functions. In total, paying attention to the dynamics, there exists a preferred choice of quantum field, and only one $SO(4)$-invariant Fock representation for it that respects the standard probabilistic interpretation along the evolution. The result has relevant implications e.g. in cosmology.Comment: Typos correcte

Derecho consuetudinario indígena : Dicotomia en lo procesal y en la práctica.

Anteriormente a la llegada de los españoles, el territorio ecuatoriano estaba conformado por distintos pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas originarios, los que nacieron y se desarrollaron en su propio territorio; tenían sus propias formas de organización social, actividad económica, ideología política, normas de conductas, de convivencia social, costumbres y culturas, con la finalidad de construir una gran nación, quienes tenían un acervo diverso de conocimientos en astronomía, técnicas agrícolas, medicina relacionada con las cualidades curativas de plantas y animales y un sistema de solución de conflictos. Muchas de estas características sociales han sobrevivido hasta nuestros días con las particularidades propias de cada comunidad con sus tradiciones ancestrales. Los estados que surgieron en el siglo XIX se constituyeron en la existencia de diversos grupos étnicos y culturales a quienes se les implanto la idiosincrasia de los blancos y los criollos, quienes por las estructuras del poder, conformaban grupos hegemónicos. Dentro de este contexto reivindicativo de los pueblos indígenas, sus actores han iniciado una etapa de reconstitución e identificación plena como colectividades diferenciadas. Es así, que con la creación de la Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE), en el año 1986, surge el concepto de nacionalidades y pueblos como una forma de sustituir términos peyorativos como ¿salvajes, tribus, nativos, aborígenes, étnicos, minorías, entre otros¿, quienes a través de grandes movilizaciones irrumpieron en la vida política del país y a partir de entonces se convirtieron en el actor político más relevante del escenario social del Ecuador. En estos levantamientos sociales, los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas que habitan en el territorio ecuatoriano, plantearon con el discurso ¿distintos pero no iguales¿ la exigencia de que se los considere iguales ante la ley y en lo referente al disfrute de los derechos económicos y sociales, y de forma subsidiaria afirmaban su diferencia étnica, cultural y nacional. Una de las principales formas sociales que aun sobreviven dentro de las nacionalidades indígenas, es la aplicación del derecho consuetudinario, el mismo que está reconocido constitucionalmente en nuestra Carta Magna, así como en los instrumentos internacionales de los derechos fundamentales del hombre, en las que se otorga el ejercicio de funciones jurisdiccionales a las autoridades de las comunidades, pueblos y nacionales indígenas

A study of the recent chemical evolution of the Large Magellanic Cloud

Abstract: we present the results of a study of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) chemical evolution during the last 2.2 Gyr. This study is based on Washington photometric observations of LMC's star clusters carried out with the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) 4 m telescope, using the C and T_1 filters. As tracers of the LMC's chemical enrichment we used 83 star clusters, from which 40 clusters are projected onto the bar region, 23 in the inner disc and 20 in the outer disc. More than half of the total sample has not been previously studied. We determine size, reddening, deprojected distance, age and metallicity of the observed star clusters.Fil: Palma, Tali. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Palma, Tali. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Nación. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Clariá Olmedo, Juan José. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Clariá Olmedo, Juan José. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Nación. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Ahumada, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Ahumada, Andrea. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Nación. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Astronomía (incluye Astrofísica y Ciencias del Espacio

Diseño y construcción de una máquina clasificadora y tamañadora de aceitunas.

En el sector olivícola de la provincia de Catamarca existía la demanda referida a máquinas clasificadoras de aceitunas que se adaptaran a las necesidades o escalas de pequeños productores; asimismo, tampoco había quien satisficiera dicha demanda ya que no se contaba con talleres metalúrgicos que se abocaran al desarrollo de estas tecnologías. La demanda fue estimada a través de encuestas en el sector productivo realizadas por la Unión Industrial Argentina, quien convocó para resolver esta situación a potenciales oferentes. Este proyecto se gesta con el propósito de que ambas necesidades se sanearan a fin de incluir innovaciones tecnológicas que acercaran soluciones prácticas a pequeños productores a partir de capacitaciones en el sector oferente en cuanto a diseño y construcción de equipos similares a medida de la escala que se requiera. El equipo se ha desarrollado en dos módulos a) una cinta clasificadora sobre la que se seleccionan los frutos aptos de los defectuosos y se desechan las impurezas en dos canales de descarte; esta cinta, que se motoriza con un motoreductor de 0.5 hp, deposita las fruta sobre el segundo módulo b) construido con sogas de 8 mm de diámetro que giran en un solo cuerpo sobre cuatro cilindros de grilón con canales separados a las distancias que se corresponde con los diferentes calibres de aceitunas a separar, desde 12 mm a 37 mm, éste cuerpo de sogas se motoriza con un motoreductor de 0.75 hp. En ambos módulos, se utiliza un variador de velocidad integrado, que transforma la energía de trifásica a monofásica, lo que permite instalar el sistema en cualquier domicilio independiente de la alimentación de 380 voltios. Los variadores de velocidad colocados en ambos módulos permiten disminuir o incrementar el volumen a seleccionar; trabajando al mínimo de revoluciones el rendimiento es de 2000 Kg/hora. La totalidad del equipo fue revisada y aprobada por los organismos oficiales que tienen la potestad sobre el tema. Este proyecto culminó exitosamente con la entrega del equipo y las capacitaciones en buenas prácticas agrícolas y en buenas prácticas de manufacturaa los integrantes del sector demandante.publishedVersio

Phycomyces

This monographic review on a fungus is not addressed to mycologists. None of the authors has been trained or has otherwise acquired a general proficiency in mycology. They are motivated by a common interest in the performances of signal handling exhibited by the sense organs of all organisms and by the desire to attack these as yet totally obscure aspects of molecular biology by the study of a microorganism with certain desirable properties. The sporangiophore of the fungus Phycomyces is a gigantic, single-celled, erect, cylindrical, aerial hypha. It is sensitive to at least four distinct stimuli: light, gravity, stretch, and some unknown stimulus by which it avoids solid objects. These stimuli control a common output, the growth rate, producing either temporal changes in growth rate or tropic responses. We are interested in the output because it gives us information about the reception of the various signals. In the absence of external stimuli, the growth rate is controlled by internal signals keeping the network of biochemical processes in balance. The external stimuli interact with the internal signals. We wish to inquire into the early steps of this interaction. For light, for instance, the cell must have a receptor pigment as the first mediator. What kind of a molecule is this pigment? Which organelle contains it? What chemical reaction happens after a light quantum has been absorbed? And how is the information introduced by this primary photochemical event amplified in a controlled manner and processed in the next step? How do a few quanta or a few molecules trigger macroscopic responses? Will we find ourselves confronted with devices wholly distinct from anything now known in biology

Deep GALEX UV Survey of the Kepler Field. I. Point Source Catalog

We report observations of a deep near-ultraviolet (NUV) survey of the Kepler field made in 2012 with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Complete All-Sky UV Survey Extension (CAUSE). The GALEX-CAUSE Kepler survey (GCK) covers 104 square degrees of the Kepler field and reaches a limiting magnitude of NUV ~ 22.6 at 3σ. Analysis of the GCK survey has yielded a catalog of 669,928 NUV sources, of which 475,164 are cross-matched with stars in the Kepler Input Catalog. Approximately 327 of 451 confirmed exoplanet host stars and 2614 of 4696 candidate exoplanet host stars identified by Kepler have NUV photometry in the GCK survey. The GCK catalog should enable the identification and characterization of UV-excess stars in the Kepler field (young solar-type and low-mass stars, chromospherically active binaries, white dwarfs, horizontal branch stars, etc.), and elucidation of various astrophysics problems related to the stars and planetary systems in the Kepler field