Solubility behaviour, crystallisation kinetics and pour point : a comparison of linear alkane and triacyl glyceride solute/solvent mixtures

Mixtures of either a hydrocarbon wax in a hydrocarbon solvent or a long chain triacyl glyceride (TAG) in a TAG solvent show complex solubility boundary temperature hysteresis and precipitated crystal network formation leading to gelation. For these industrially-important systems, we show how the equilibrium solubility and its hysteresis, crystallisation kinetics and pour point temperature vary with solute concentration for representative examples of both hydrocarbon (n-tetracosane (C24) solute in n-heptane (C7) solvent) and TAG (tristearin (SSS) solute in tricaprylin (CCC) solvent) mixtures. The behaviour is modelled with good accuracy; thereby providing a useful aid to formulation and process optimisation

Global mapping of iron and titanium oxides in the lunar megaregolith and subsurface

[Abstract]: This paper reports mapping results obtained by remote sensing analysis of Iron and Titanium oxides in the megaregolith under the lunar Highlands regolith and in the subsurface under the Mare and South Pole Aitken basin regolith. FeO and TiO2 images were mosaicked from data extracted from the 1994 Clementine lunar orbiter mission from 600 N to 600 S, using the Lucey et al. technique (2000). These images then used to study the ejecta blanket for each of 2059 craters analysed using ISIS software (US Geological Survey). Average weight percentage values for each crater ejecta blanket were interpolated to derive underlying global Province Maps for FeO and TiO2. The Moon was divided into five (5) provinces as a balance of the needs of analysis requirements and simplicity. Division of global TiO2 weight percentages in the megaregolith /subsurface five provinces was matching the observed distribution of that at the surface. In contrast, division of lunar FeO into 5 Provinces reveals unexpectedly elevated iron concentrations (3.8 to 6.4%) in some areas of the Highland megaregolith. This Province of elevated iron oxide is termed “Highland II”

DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT PRICES OF U.S. WHEAT EXPORTS

This investigation looks at whether the grade determining and official criteria factors identified by the Federal Grain Inspection Service influence the price of wheat for export and, in turn, the competitiveness of United States wheat in the world market. Using data on the transactions price for hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, and soft white wheat and the associated quality characteristics covering the period January 1990 through December 1991 and exported to 63 countries, the results suggest that the test weight, the percentage of shrunken and broken kernels, the protein content, the presence of aflatoxin, the presence of insects, and the falling number are characteristics consistently valued by the market.Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade,

Taxes, lawyers, and the decline of witch trials in France

This paper explores the rise of the fiscal state in the early modern period and its impact on legal capacity. To measure legal capacity, we establish that witchcraft trials were more likely to take place where the central state had weak legal insti- tutions. Combining data on the geographic distribution of witchcraft trials with unique panel data on tax receipts across 21 French regions, we find that the rise of the tax state can account for much of the decline in witch trials during this period. Further historical evidence supports our hypothesis that higher taxes led to better legal institutions.Rule of Law, Witchcraft, France, Institutions, Fiscal Capacity, Legal Capacity

Defining Markets That Involve Multi-Sided Platform Businesses: An Empirical Framework With an Application to Google's Purchase of DoubleClick

A multi-sided platform (MSP) serves as an intermediary for two or more groups of customers who are linked by indirect network effects. Recent research has found that MSPs are significant in many industries and that some standard economic results, such as the Lerner Index, do not apply to them, in material ways, without some significant modification to take linkages between the multiple sides into account. This article extends several key tools used for the analysis of mergers to situations in which one or more of the suppliers are MSPs. It shows that the application of traditional tools to mergers involving MSPs results in biases the direction of which depends on the particular tool being used and other conditions. It also extends these tools to the analysis of the merger of MSPs. The techniques are illustrated with an application to an acquisition by Google in the online advertising industry.

The development of non-deontic be bound to in a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar perspective

Even when both use and cognition are incorporated in its theorizing about grammatical change, research in diachronic construction grammar which explicitly subscribes to a “usage-based” approach does not always distinguish between abstraction from the observed usage of a linguistic community and individual linguistic knowledge. Given that language change starts with innovations by individuals, such a distinction crucially needs to be made to arrive at a realistic usage-based account of grammatical change. This paper first assesses the extent to which the conflicting models of Elizabeth Traugott and Olga Fischer succeed in teasing apart internal and external systems, concluding that while the former’s reanalysis model results from an external semasiological perspective, the latter’s analogy model is more radically usage-based in that it does not inherently entangle intra- and extra-individual knowledge. By way of illustration of a fundamentally analogy-based approach, the main part of the paper proposes an onomasiological account of how the pattern BE BOUND TO came to be used as a non-deontic/epistemic necessity marker, offering an alternative to viewing it as a development from the historically prior deontic BE BOUND TO construction. The data are mainly drawn from the Oxford English Dictionary and the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts.preprin

Diachronic construction grammar: A state of the art

This paper will offer a state-of-the-art survey of work in historical linguistics (mainly, but not exclusively, on English) that can be brought under the heading of “diachronic construction grammar”. As a new development in diachronic linguistics, this discipline name subsumes two big strands of research. One of these I will simply call the “construction grammar” strand. It consists of work by people who have come to diachronic construction grammar from synchronic construction grammar. The other major strand has its origin in grammaticalization theory and encompasses the research efforts of those working within grammaticalization theory who have relatively recently come to recognize that the most central theoretical concept of construction grammar is a highly relevant and useful one in the description of and theorizing about grammaticalization changes and who have now even started to use the term “constructionalization” in lieu of “grammaticalization”, distinguishing between “grammatical constructionalization” and “lexical constructionalization”. The main difference between both strands is that while the grammaticalization strand is concerned with the question of how languages acquire constructions, first and foremost lexically-specified ones, this is not necessarily the case in the construction grammar strand. Three sub-strands of the latter will be distinguished. A first sub-strand consists of work by Goldbergian construction grammarians who consider particular argument structure constructions from a historical perspective. Another thread of research is work on “constructional attrition”. The third area of investigation appeals to language contact and borrowing to explain the presence of a construction in the constructicon of a language. Returning to the grammaticalization strand of diachronic construction grammar the paper will also address the question of what the conditions are for work on grammaticalization to be considered part of diachronic construction grammar.postprin