Heterogeneity of Mouse Macrophages in Terms of Their Bactericidal Activity

These studies confirm that not all cells in a macrophage population express efective bactericidal functions. Two subsets of macrophages with cell-surface markers recognized by two monoclonal antibodies, designated M43 and 1\157 were shown to be involved in the bacteicidal activity of a macrophage population. B)' indirect radio immunoassay (RIA), it was found that these two subset markers were expressed more on the 5tu/ace of activated manipulates than on normal cells. It seems possible that these two markers may se11Je as markers for macrophage activation in terms of enhanced bactericidal activity

The In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Normal and Activated Mouse Macrophages against Salmonella typhimurium C5sr

A comparison of the in vitro bactericidaL activity of normaL and activated macrophages indicated that killing of the viruLent strain of opsonized Salmonella typhimurium C5sr by normaL macrophages was enhanced by the presence of fresh serum in the cuLture medium. In contrast, there was no such requirement for the bactericidaL activity of activated macrophages. The enhanced killing ojfthe bacteria by activated macrophages occurred both in the presence and absence of serum, and this was not accounted for by the existence of macrophagebound immunogLobuLin. The factors in normaL rabbit serum which potentiated the killing of bacteria by normaL macrophages were suspected to be components of the compLement system. Heat-stabLe jactors (immunogLobuLins) in normaL rabbit serum were effective only if they were surface bound immunogLobuLins

Distinct amino acid compositional requirements for formation and maintenance of the [PSI+] prion in yeast

Multiple yeast prions have been identified that result from the structural conversion of proteins into a self-propagating amyloid form. Amyloid-based prion activity in yeast requires a series of discrete steps. First, the prion protein must form an amyloid nucleus that can recruit and structurally convert additional soluble proteins. Subsequently, maintenance of the prion during cell division requires fragmentation of these aggregates to create new heritable propagons. For the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion protein Sup35, these different activities are encoded by different regions of the Sup35 prion domain. An N-terminal glutamine/asparagine-rich nucleation domain is required for nucleation and fiber growth, while an adjacent oligopeptide repeat domain is largely dispensable for prion nucleation and fiber growth but is required for chaperone-dependent prion maintenance. Although prion activity of glutamine/asparagine-rich proteins is predominantly determined by amino acid composition, the nucleation and oligopeptide repeat domains of Sup35 have distinct compositional requirements. Here, we quantitatively define these compositional requirements in vivo. We show that aromatic residues strongly promote both prion formation and chaperone-dependent prion maintenance. In contrast, nonaromatic hydrophobic residues strongly promote prion formation but inhibit prion propagation. These results provide insight into why some aggregation-prone proteins are unable to propagate as prions

Utilization of Wild Edible Mushrooms for Rural Livelihood in Zaria and Its Environs

A survey was carried out in some rural communities of Zaria and its environs and mushrooms were collected from the wild during the rains (July-August). The edible mushrooms collected were identified with the help of mushroom guides and some mushroom eaters living in those localities. Information was obtained from consumers, traders, other collectors/hunters and cultivators on their income generation; consumption and other uses of the collected Mushrooms to determine the improvement of the rural livelihood. Mushrooms are sources of food, income and medicinal values. The age range for consumers of edible mushrooms in Zaria and its environs increase with age. This is basically due to lack of adequate knowledge about edible mushrooms. It also gave priority to individuals consuming edible mushrooms, trading and cultivating edible mushrooms. Only few traders of edible mushrooms and few of cultivators of edible mushrooms for commercial purposes were observed, except the wild mushroom hunters that utilized the raining season and generate income for their improve livelihood. The result showed that most individuals in Zaria communities and their environs do not have an interest in eating mushrooms due to the fear of collecting poisonous mushrooms that are much alike with the edible ones. The weather condition is not much favorable for mushroom growth

Pengaruh Kompetensi, Motivasi dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di PT Elnusa Tbk

Program Turnaround di PT Elnusa Tbk merupakan langkah fundamental untuk melakukan Perubahan diberbagai aspek. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji turunan dari program tersebut berupa pengaruh kompetensi, motivasi dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Analisis Jalur dengan pengambilan contoh stratified random sampling with proportional allocation terhadap karyawan PT Elnusa Tbk bagian shared service dengan 45 contoh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan tata nilai kompetensi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kepuasan kerja, motivasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawannya. Hal lainnya kepuasan kerja memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja karyawan. Untuk itu, evaluasi mengenai sistem kompensasi perlu memerhatikan level dan beban kerja karyawan serta sistem komunikasi untuk menjaga motivasi kerja karyawan Perusahaan

THE GOVERNMENT POLICY IN STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMY TO SEAWEED FARMERS IN SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Abstract: This research was a survey research, which aims at revealing the facts of a phenomenon by using the questionnaire as an instrument of primary data collectors. The data were then evaluated and interpreted relating to the activity of seaweed farmers scattered in several districts of South Sulawesi province. The results showed that there is a convenience obtained by the public in the form of government policy in supporting the seaweed farmers. Nearly, all the citizens who live on the coastal area conduct the cultivation of seaweed such as in the regency of Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Pangkep, and Barru. Therefore, the production of seaweeds in South Sulawesi has increased significantly since 2005. The seaweed production in South Sulawesi in 2004 was approximately 20.141 tons. It increased in 2007. It was about 42.000 tons. By realizing the production development of the main export commodity of South Sulawesi, the local government is optimistic that the economic growth in this area will be getting better. In addition, other business opportunities can be developed. For example, along the coastal area of Takalar to Sinjai, South Sulawesi Province, there was virtually no longer the location for drying fish. The coastal area has turned into drying seaweed. Keywords: Government, Policy, Seaweed, Productio

Isolates of Some Rotting Fruits Collected at Yankaba Market, Kano, Nigeria

Studies on fungi isolates were carried out over a period of 4 weeks with different rotting fruits that were collected from sellers in Yankaba market, Kano. The fruits are sweet orange, apple, pineapple, watermelon, banana, pawpaw, coconut and wild bush mango were collected in clean sterile polythene bags separately. Each of the samples was cultured and isolated at room temperature (370C). Materials used in culturing included Petri-dishes with potato dextrose agar as the media. Methylene blue was used in mounting and slide staining. It took a period of 7 days to incubate and isolate the fungi namely Aspergillus spp., Sclerotium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gloeosporium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. were responsible for post-harvest deterioration of fresh fruits and vegetables. Rhizopus spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence

An Approach to Reaeration Coefficient Modeling in Local Surface Water Quality Monitoring

Reaeration coefficient (k2) for River Atuwara, Ogun State, Nigeria was calculated from dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand data collected over period of 3 months covering the two prevailing climatic seasons in the country. Both the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria were used in the selection and analysis of ten models to identify the most suitable reaeration coefficient (k2) model for Atuwara River. Models that passed the confidence limit were subjected to model evaluation using measures of agreement between observed and predicted data such as percent bias, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, and root mean square observation standard deviation ratio. The used approach yield better results than empirical models developed for local conditions while it is also useful in conserving scarce resources