Psychophysiology of Executive Functions During Typing on a Computer

Продемонстрировано, что в процессе формулирования предложения при печати на компьютере, когнитивная нагрузка, выраженная в мощности бета-ритма, тем ниже, чем выше уровень развития ИФ, таких как переключение и торможение.It is demonstrated that in the process of formulating a sentence during typing on a computer, the cognitive load expressed in the beta power density is lower, the higher the level of development of IF, such as inhibition and shifting

ЭЛЕКТРООСАЖДЕННЫЕ ПЛЕНОЧНЫЕ КОМПОЗИЦИИ ДЛЯ ПРЕКУРСОРОВ КЕСТЕРИТНЫХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

A comparative analysis of structure andsurface morphology of copper, tin, zinc films andfilm stacks madeby electrochemicaldepositionin galvanostaticsteady-state conditions, in galvanostatic modewith ultrasonicagitationof electrolytes,in the forwardpulse andreversepulse modeswith a rectangularpulses has been shown.The influence of themodesof electrodepositionon the structure, optical properties and surface morphology of theamorphous and crystalline selenium films presented.By sequentialelectrochemical deposition the film stacks Cu/Zn/Sn/Se andCu/Sn/Zn/Se were obtained, which are models ofkesterite precursors.Theseprecursorsafter theirconversion intoCu2ZnSnSe4 semiconductorsbysubsequent annealingwill be used asbase layers ofcheap and efficientthin film solar cellsof the new generation.Bibliography.10, Tab. 4, Fig.4.Представлены результаты сравнительного анализа структуры и морфологии поверхности пленок меди, олова, цинка и их слоевых композиций, изготовленных путем электрохимического осаждения в гальваностатическом стационарном режиме, в гальваностатическом режиме с ультразвуковым перемешиванием электролитов, в прямом импульсном и реверсивном импульсном режимах с прямоугольной формой импульсов потенциала. Изучено влияние режимов электроосаждения на структуру, оптические свойства и морфологию поверхности аморфных и кристаллических пленок селена. Путем последовательного электрохимического осаждения изготовлены пленочные композиции Cu/Zn/Sn/Se и Cu/Sn/Zn/Se, являющиеся моделями прекурсоров кестерита. Такие прекурсоры после их преобразования путем последующих отжигов в полупроводниковый материалCu2ZnSnSe4 будут использованы в качестве базовых слоев дешевых и эффективных тонкопленочных солнечных элементов нового поколения. Библ. 10, табл. 4, рис. 4.Представлены результаты сравнительного анализа структуры и морфологии поверхности пленок меди, олова, цинка и их слоевых композиций, изготовленных путем электрохимического осаждения в гальваностатическом стационарном режиме, в гальваностатическом режиме с ультразвуковым перемешиванием электролитов, в прямом импульсном и реверсивном импульсном режимах с прямоугольной формой импульсов потенциала. Изучено влияние режимов электроосаждения на структуру, оптические свойства и морфологию поверхности аморфных и кристаллических пленок селена. Путем последовательного электрохимического осаждения изготовлены пленочные композиции Cu/Zn/Sn/Se и Cu/Sn/Zn/Se, являющиеся моделями прекурсоров кестерита. Такие прекурсоры после их преобразования путем последующих отжигов в полупроводниковый материалCu2ZnSnSe4 будут использованы в качестве базовых слоев дешевых и эффективных тонкопленочных солнечных элементов нового поколения. Библ. 10, табл. 4, рис. 4

Gold Metal Liquid-Like Droplets

Simple methods to self-assemble coatings and films encompassing nanoparticles are highly desirable in many practical scenarios, yet scarcely any examples of simple, robust approaches to coat macroscopic droplets with continuous, thick (multilayer), reflective and stable liquid nanoparticle films exist. Here, we introduce a facile and rapid one-step route to form films of reflective liquid-like gold that encase macroscopic droplets, and denote these as gold metal liquid-like droplets (MeLLDs). The present approach takes advantage of the inherent self-assembly of gold nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces and the increase in rates of nanoparticle aggregate trapping at the interface during emulsification. The ease of displacement of the stabilizing citrate ligands by appropriate redox active molecules that act as a lubricating molecular glue is key. Specifically, the heterogeneous interaction of citrate stabilized aqueous gold nanoparticles with the lipophilic electron donor tetrathiafulvalene under emulsified conditions produces gold MeLLDs. This methodology relies exclusively on electrochemical reactions, i.e., the oxidation of tetrathiafulvalene to its radical cation by the gold nanoparticle, and electrostatic interactions between the radical cation and nanoparticles. The gold MeLLDs are reversibly deformable upon compression and decompression and kinetically stable for extended periods of time in excess of a yea

On the non-ideal behaviour of polarised liquid-liquid interfaces

peer-reviewedInterpretation of electrochemical data generated at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), and realisation of the ITIES for technological applications, requires comprehensive knowledge of the origin of the observed currents (i.e., capacitive, ion or electron transfer currents) and the factors influencing the electrical double layer. Upon formation, the ITIES is away from equilibrium and therefore is a close approximation, but not a perfect realisation, of an ideally polarisable interface. Nevertheless, the formalism of equilibrium thermodynamics, e.g., the Nernst equation, are universally applied to interpret electrochemical processes at the ITIES. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic and AC voltammetry were applied to probe electrochemical processes at an ITIES formed between aqueous and α,α,α-trifluorotoluene electrolyte solutions. A significant contribution from faradaic currents is observed across the whole polarisable potential window and the electrolyte solution is not an ideal resistor (especially at high electric field frequencies). The electrical double-layer at the interface is influenced by the nature of the ions adsorbed. Small inorganic ions, such as sulfate anions and aluminium cations, are shown to absorb at the interface, with methanesulfonic acid absorbing strongly. The nature of ions adsorbed at the interface shifts the potential of zero charge (PZC) at the ITIES, which we propose in turn influences the kinetics of ion transferACCEPTEDpeer-reviewe

Face-discriminating dissolution kinetics of furosemide single crystals : in situ three-dimensional multi-microscopy and modeling

A versatile in situ multi-microscopy approach to study the dissolution kinetics of single crystals is described, using the loop diuretic drug furosemide as a testbed to demonstrate the utility of the approach. Using optical microscopy and scanning ion-conductance microscopy in combination, the dissolution rate of individual crystallographically independent crystal faces can be measured quantitatively while providing a direct visualization of the evolution of crystal morphology in real time in three dimensions. Finite element method models using experimental data enables quantitative analysis of dissolution fluxes for individual faces and determination of the limiting process—mass transport or interfacial kinetics—that regulates dissolution. A key feature of the approach is that isolated crystals (typically <60 μm largest characteristic dimension) in solution during dissolution experience high and well-defined diffusion rates. The ability to obtain this quantitative information for individual crystal faces suggests a pathway to understanding crystal dissolution at the molecular level and regulating bioavailability, for example, through manipulation of crystal morphology

Surface charge mapping with a nanopipette

Nanopipettes are emerging as simple but powerful tools for probing chemistry at the nanoscale. In this contribution the use of nanopipettes for simultaneous surface charge mapping and topographical imaging is demonstrated, using a scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) format. When a nanopipette is positioned close to a surface in electrolyte solution, the direct ion current (DC), driven by an applied bias between a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE) in the nanopipette and a second QRCE in the bulk solution, is sensitive to surface charge. The charge sensitivity arises because the diffuse double layers at the nanopipette and the surface interact, creating a perm-selective region which becomes increasingly significant at low ionic strengths (10 mM 1:1 aqueous electrolyte herein). This leads to a polarity-dependent ion current and surface-induced rectification as the bias is varied. Using distance-modulated SICM, which induces an alternating ion current component (AC) by periodically modulating the distance between the nanopipette and the surface, the effect of surface charge on the DC and AC is explored and rationalized. The impact of surface charge on the AC phase (with respect to the driving sinusoidal signal) is highlighted in particular; this quantity shows a shift that is highly sensitive to interfacial charge and provides the basis for visualizing charge simultaneously with topography. The studies herein highlight the use of nanopipettes for functional imaging with applications from cell biology to materials characterization where understanding surface charge is of key importance. They also provide a framework for the design of SICM experiments, which may be convoluted by topographical and surface charge effects, especially for small nanopipettes

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy : theory and experiment for quantitative high resolution spatially-resolved voltammetry and simultaneous ion-conductance measurements

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a high resolution electrochemical scanning probe technique that employs a dual-barrel theta pipet probe containing electrolyte solution and quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCE) in each barrel. A thin layer of electrolyte protruding from the tip of the pipet ensures that a gentle meniscus contact is made with a substrate surface, which defines the active surface area of an electrochemical cell. The substrate can be an electrical conductor, semiconductor, or insulator. The main focus here is on the general case where the substrate is a working electrode, and both ion-conductance measurements between the QRCEs in the two barrels and voltammetric/amperometric measurements at the substrate can be made simultaneously. In usual practice, a small perpendicular oscillation of the probe with respect to the substrate is employed, so that an alternating conductance current (ac) develops, due to the change in the dimensions of the electrolyte contact (and hence resistance), as well as the direct conductance current (dc). It is shown that the dc current can be predicted for a fixed probe by solving the Nernst-Planck equation and that the ac response can also be derived from this response. Both responses are shown to agree well with experiment. It is found that the pipet geometry plays an important role in controlling the dc conductance current and that this is easily measured by microscopy. A key feature of SECCM is that mass transport to the substrate surface is by diffusion and, for charged analytes, ion migration which can be controlled and varied quantifiably via the bias between the two QRCEs. For a working electrode substrate this means that charged redox-active analytes can be transported to the electrode/solution interface in a well-defined and controllable manner and that relatively fast heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics can be studied. The factors controlling the voltammetric response are determined by both simulation and experiment. Experiments demonstrate the realization of simultaneous quantitative voltammetric and ion conductance measurements and also identify a general rule of thumb that the surface contacted by electrolyte is of the order of the pipet probe dimensions