Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride and Ketorolac Tromethamine by using RP-HPLC

The main objectives of the present research were to develop the new method for the simultaneous estimation and validation of Moxifloxacin HCl and Ketorolac Tromethamine in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC. The chromatogram of Moxifloxacin HCl and Ketorolac Tromethamine was developed through column (Inertsil ODS C18), UV detection at 304 nm at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with Buffer (pH 4.0):Acetonitrile:Methanol (50:30:20) V/V as mobile phase. The method was validated by various validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity as per the ICH guidelines. A linearity range of Moxifloxacin HCl and Ketorolac Tromethamine was found to be 60 to 140 µg/ml and 48 to 112 µg/ml respectively. The retention time of Moxifloxacin HCl and Ketorolac Tromethamine was found to be 2.07 min and 4.06 min respectively. % RSD of retention time and peak areas obtained in system precision for Moxifloxacin HCl was 0.21 and 0.80 respectively and for Ketorolac Tromethamine were 0.90 and 1.06 respectively. The % recovery of standard Moxifloxacin HCl and Ketorolac Tromethamine was found to be 100.18 to 100.08% and 99.97 to 99.93% respectively. The % recovery of Moxifloxacin HCl and Ketorolac Tromethamine in dosage form was found to be 98.73 to 100.92% and 98.10 to 100.77% respectively. This method was simple, accurate, precise, and sensitive. Hence, the developed method was employed for the routine analysis of Tenofovir in the pharmaceutical dosage form

Simultaneous determination of levocetrizine and phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride by RP-HPLC

The aim of the present study was to develop the simple, selective, rapid, precise and economical reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of levocetirizine and phenylpropanolamine HCl in solid dosage forms. The method was carried out on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μ) column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: 0.5% triethylamine (70:30 v/v, pH 3.0) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 220 nm. The retention time (RT) 1.8 min and 2.6 min for phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride and levocetrizine respectively. The % recovery of standard phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride and levocetrizine was found to be 98.17 to 103.56 and 98.893 to 10.422 respectively. The % recovery of sample phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride and levocetrizine was found to be 101.30 and 100.63 respectively. The validation of the proposed method was also carried out. The proposed method can be used for the estimation of these drugs in combined dosage forms

A new RP-HPLC method for the determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in pure form and pharmaceutical formulation

The present study aimed to develop the new method for the estimation and validation of tenofovir in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC. The chromatogram of tenofovir was developed through column (Hyper ODS2 C18), UV detection at 260 nm at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min with Methanol and Phosphate buffer (90:10) as mobile phase. The method was validated by various validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity as per the ICH guidelines. A linearity range and retention time of Tenofovir were found to be 20-110 µg/ml and 2.1 min respectively. The % RSD of the Tenofovir was found to be 0.7. The % recovery was obtained as 99.7% for standard and 96.32% for tablets. This method was simple, accurate, precise and sensitive. Hence, the developed method was employed for the routine analysis of Tenofovir in the pharmaceutical dosage form

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING ORAL IN SITU GEL OF DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate the floating in-situ gelling system of diltiazem hydrochloride.Methods: Sodium alginate based diltiazem hydrochloride floating in situ gelling systems were prepared by dissolving hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in 25% of water, to which calcium carbonate and diltiazem hydrochloride were added with stirring to form, a proper and a homogenous dispersion of diltiazem hydrochloride. Meanwhile, 30% of water was heated to 60 ËšC on a hot plate to dissolve sodium alginate and cooled to 40 ËšC. The resulting solution was added to HPMC solution and mixed well. To 5% of water at 60 ËšC, sodium methyl paraben was added and dissolved and cooled to 40 ËšC and was added to the above mixture and mixed well. The volume was adjusted finally to 100% with distilled water. Prepared formulae were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug content, pH, in vitro gelling capacity, in vitro buoyancy, viscosity, water uptake and in vitro drug release.Results: Formulation variables such as type and concentration of viscosity enhancing polymer (sodium alginate) and HPMC affected the formulation viscosity, gelling properties, floating behavior, and in vitro drug release. Formulation F5 and F6 showed the floating time of 5 min and more than 20 h respectively. A significant decrease in the rate and extent of the drug release was observed with the increase in polymer concentration in in-situ gelling preparation. Formulation F4, F5, F6 were shown to have extended drug release until the end of 7 h.Conclusion: The prepared in situ gelling formulations of diltiazem hydrochloride could float in the gastric conditions and released the drug in a sustained manner. The present formulation was non-irritant, easy to administer along with good retention properties, better patient compliant and with greater efficacy of the drug

Effects of alternative forages on nitrate leaching under intensive sheep grazing

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Mapping urban greenspace use from mobile phone GPS data

Urban greenspace is a valuable component of the urban form that has the potential to improve the health and well-being of residents. Most quantitative studies of relationships between health and greenspace to date have investigated associations only with what greenspace exists in the local environment (i.e. provision of greenspace), rather than to what extent it is used. This is due to the difficulty of obtaining usage data in large amounts. In recent years, GPS functionality integrated into mobile phones has provided a potential solution to this problem by making it possible to track which parts of the environment people experience in their day-to-day lives. In this paper, we demonstrate a method to derive cleaned, trip-level information from raw GPS data collected by a mobile phone app, then use this data to investigate the characteristics of trips to urban greenspace by residents of the city of Sheffield, UK. We find that local users of the app spend an average of an hour per week visiting greenspaces, including around seven trips per week and covering a total distance of just over 2.5 km. This may be enough to provide health benefits, but is insufficient to provide maximal benefits. Trip characteristics vary with user demographics: ethnic minority users and users from more socioeconomically deprived areas tend to make shorter trips than White users and those from less deprived areas, while users aged 34 years and over make longer trips than younger users. Women, on average, make more frequent trips than men, as do those who spent more time outside as a child. Our results suggest that most day-to-day greenspace visits are incidental, i.e. travelling through rather than to greenspace, and highlight the importance of including social and cultural factors when investigating who uses and who benefits from urban greenspace.Natural Environment Research Counci

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Biomass Yield and Quality Traits in Forage Type Hybrid Parents of Pearl Millet

One hundred and sixteen forage type hybrid parents (seed and pollinator parents) were investigated at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India, in summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 for estimating inter-relationships between forage quantity and quality traits and their direct and indirect effects. Significant negative correlation but of low value was found between crude protein (CP), In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and dry forage yield (DFY). The direct and indirect effect of these forage quantity related traits on the DFY and other forage quality related traits on IVOMD was investigated in pearl millet. Path analysis revealed that total green forage yield (TGFY) had highest positive direct effect on DFY for forage quantity traits followed by plant height (PH). For forage quality traits, metabolizable energy (ME) had highest direct effect on IVOMD in both the cuts. CP and cellulose also had positive direct effects on IVOMD in both the cuts

Social deprivation and exposure to health promotion. A study of the distribution of health promotion resources to schools in England

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund and is available from the specified link - Copyright @ 2010 Chivu and ReidpathBACKGROUND: Area deprivation is a known determinant of health. It is also known that area deprivation is associated with lower impact health promotion. It is less well known, however, whether deprived areas are less responsive to health promotion, or whether they are less exposed. Using data from a national, school-based campaign to promote vaccination against the human papilloma virus (HPV), the relationship between area deprivation and exposure was examined. METHODS: Taking advantage of a health promotion campaign to provide information to schools about HPV vaccination, a cross sectional study was conducted to examine the relationship between area level, social deprivation, and take-up of (i.e., exposure to) available health promotion material. The sample was 4,750 schools across England, including government maintained and independent schools. The relationship between area deprivation and exposure was examined using bi- and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: It was found that schools in the least deprived quintile had 1.32 times the odds of requesting health promotion materials than schools in the most deprived areas (p = .01). This effect was independent of the school size, the type of school, and the geographic region. Conclusion The relationship between area deprivation and the impact of health promotion may be due, at least in part, to differential levels of exposure. The study was limited in scope, pointing to the need for more research, but also points to potentially important policy implications

Reducing Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits in Patients With Venous Thromboembolism Using a Multicomponent Care Transition Intervention

Preventing utilization of hospital and emergency department after diagnosis of venous thromboembolism is a complex problem. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of a care transition intervention on hospitalizations and emergency department visits after venous thromboembolism. We randomized adults diagnosed with a new episode of venous thromboembolism to usual care or a multicomponent intervention that included a home pharmacist visit in the week after randomization (typically occurring at time of discharge), illustrated medication instructions distributed during home visit, and a follow-up phone call with an anticoagulation expert scheduled for 8 to 30 days from time of randomization. Through physician chart review of the 90 days following randomization, we measured the incidence rate of hospital and emergency department visits for each group and their ratio. We also determined which visits were related to recurrent venous thromboembolism, bleeding, or anticoagulation and which where preventable. We enrolled 77 intervention and 85 control patients. The incidence rate was 4.50 versus 6.01 visits per 1000 patient days in the intervention versus control group (incidence rate ratio = 0.71; 95% confidence interval = 0.40-1.27). Most visits in the control group were not related to venous thromboembolism or bleeding (21%) and of those that were, most were not preventable (25%). The adjusted incidence rate ratio for the intervention was 1.05 (95% confidence interval = 0.57-1.91). Our patients had a significant number of hospital and emergency department visits after diagnosis. Most visits were not related to recurrent venous thromboembolism or bleeding and of those that were, most were not preventable. Our multicomponent intervention did not decrease hospitalizations and emergency department visits

A Magnetically Torqued Disk Model for Be Stars

Despite extensive study, the mechanisms by which Be star disks acquire high densities and angular momentum while displaying variability on many time scales are still far from clear. In this paper, we discuss how magnetic torquing may help explain disk formation with the observed quasi-Keplerian (as opposed to expanding) velocity structure and their variability. We focus on the effects of the rapid rotation of Be stars, considering the regime where centrifugal forces provide the dominant radial support of the disk material. Using a kinematic description of the angular velocity, vphi(r), in the disk and a parametric model of an aligned field with a strength B(r) we develop analytic expressions for the disk properties that allow us to estimate the stellar surface field strength necessary to create such a disk for a range of stars on the main-sequence. The model explains why disks are most common for main-sequence stars at about spectral class B2 V. The earlier type stars with very fast and high density winds would require unacceptably strong surface fields (> 10^3 Gauss) to form torqued disks, while the late B stars (with their low mass loss rates) tend to form disks that produce only small fluxes in the dominant Be diagnostics. For stars at B2 V the average surface field required is about 300 Gauss. The predicted disks provide an intrinsic polarization and a flux at Halpha comparable to observations. We also discuss whether the effect on field containment of the time dependent accumulation of matter in the flux tubes/disk can help explain some of the observed variability of Be star disks.Comment: ApJ, in press. 46 pages, 12 figure