Escutar vozes : da qualificação da experiência ao cuidado na clínica em saúde mental

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2017.Este trabalho tem como tema o fenômeno da alucinação auditiva, considerada pelo horizonte biomédico ocidental moderno como um sintoma de transtorno mental. O enfoque psicopatológico tradicional, presente no sistema público de saúde mental, privilegia o tratamento medicamentoso, e muitas vezes esse tratamento prescinde de uma lida que trabalhe o contexto vivencial, o qual contribuiu para que o sofrimento grave tomasse lugar na existência das pessoas. Mesmo seguindo as prescrições médicas e frequentando as atividades previstas no plano terapêutico, muitas delas continuam escutando vozes, e relatam efeitos colaterais que restringem algumas de suas possibilidades de vir a ser. Desse modo, este estudo se justifica pela necessidade de problematização de uma lógica de cuidado que entende a audição de vozes como sinal de transtorno mental, e que visa a remissão dos sintomas como foco do tratamento. Sem privilegiar outras alternativas de acompanhamento, alguns dos pressupostos da Lei da Saúde Mental de nosso país acabam não sendo seguidos. Além desses aspectos, pesquisas internacionais apontam taxas elevadas de pessoas que escutam vozes na população geral de alguns países, e que não necessariamente realizam tratamento em saúde mental, bem como formas de tratamento eficazes e alternativas à medicalização. Considerando essas questões, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar a experiência da audição de vozes para além do signo “alucinação auditiva”, tal como tem sido compreendido pela perspectiva biomédica, bem como pensar em formas de acolhimento do fenômeno. Para isso, criou-se um grupo psicoterapêutico específico para o cuidado da alucinação auditiva, em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) de uma capital brasileira, e dividiu-se esta dissertação em três artigos. O primeiro deles teve como objetivo problematizar a noção da alucinação como sintoma de doença mental, através de uma contextualização histórica e cultural sobre o fenômeno. O segundo artigo teve o objetivo de analisar as vivências de pessoas que escutam vozes. Para tanto, foram entrevistadas seis mulheres e quatro homens, e a transcrição das entrevistas foi submetida a uma análise de conteúdo. Observou-se que dimensões como a origem e características das vozes, estratégias de lida e suporte familiar, são importantes de serem trabalhados pelos profissionais. No terceiro artigo, buscou-se narrar e refletir sobre as experiências do grupo criado para esta pesquisa no CAPS. Para isso, foram analisados diários de campo confeccionados ao longo dos dezoito meses de funcionamento do grupo. Além de técnicas de manejo que foram utilizadas pelo facilitador, tal artigo apresentou ganhos terapêuticos decorrentes das trocas realizadas entre os integrantes do grupo. Recomenda-se a adoção de grupos nesse formato, para que os serviços de saúde ampliem a capacidade de cuidado. A partir da síntese dos três artigos, conclui-se que é fundamental entendermos que a lógica biomédica é apenas uma possibilidade de compreensão da alucinação. Além disso, há necessidade de que se criem outras formas de lida com o fenômeno, a fim de proporcionar uma maior qualidade de vida e de suporte para ouvidores de vozes, e contribuir não só para a concretização da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira, como para a transformação do estigma da loucura.This work has as its theme the phenomenon of auditory hallucination, considered by the modern western biomedical horizon as a symptom of mental disorder. The traditional psychopathological approach, present in the mental health public system, privileges the treatment with medicine, which often dispenses a work that deals with the experiential context, that contributed to the process of illness. Even following the medical prescriptions and attending the activities planned in the therapeutic plan, many of them continue to listen to voices, and report side effects that restrict some of their possibilities of being. In this way, this study is justified by the need to problematize a care logic that understands the hearing of voices as a sign of mental disorder, and that aims to the remission of symptoms as the focus of treatment. Without favoring other follow-up alternatives, some of the assumptions of the Mental Health Law of our country are not followed. In addition to these aspects, international surveys point to high rates of people who listen to voices in the general population of some countries, who do not necessarily perform mental health treatment, as well as effective and alternative forms of treatment in replacement of medicalization. Considering these questions, the general objective of this dissertation was to investigate the experience of hearing voices beyond the sign "auditory hallucination", as understood by the biomedical perspective, as well as to think of ways of welcoming the phenomenon. For this, a specific psychotherapeutic group was created for the care of the auditory hallucination, in a Psychosocial Attention Center (CAPS) of a Brazilian capital, and this dissertation was divided in three articles. The first one aimed to problematize the notion of hallucination as a symptom of mental illness, through a historical and cultural contextualization about the phenomenon. The second article had the objective of analyze the experiences of people who hear voices. Six women and four men were interviewed, and the transcription of the interviews was submitted to a content analysis. It was observed that dimensions such as the origin and characteristics of voices, coping strategies and family support are important for professionals to work with. In the third article, we sought to describe and reflect about the experiences of the group created for this research in the CAPS. To this end, we analyzed field diaries made during the eighteen months of operation of the group. In addition to psychotherapeutic techniques that were used by the facilitator, this article presented therapeutic factors resulting from the exchanges between the members of the group. It is recommended to the health services to adopt groups in this format to increase the capacity of care. From the synthesis of the three articles, it is concluded that it is fundamental to understand that biomedical logic is only a possibility of understanding the hallucination. In addition, it´s necessary to create other ways of dealing with the phenomenon, in order to provide a higher quality of life and support for voice hearers, and contribute not only to the realization of the Brazilian psychiatric reform, but also to the transformation of the stigma of madness

Robotic Tankette for Intelligent BioEnergy Agriculture: Design, Development and Field Tests

In recent years, the use of robots in agriculture has been increasing mainly due to the high demand of productivity, precision and efficiency, which follow the climate change effects and world population growth. Unlike conventional agriculture, sugarcane farms are usually regions with dense vegetation, gigantic areas, and subjected to extreme weather conditions, such as intense heat, moisture and rain. TIBA - Tankette for Intelligent BioEnergy Agriculture - is the first result of an R&D project which strives to develop an autonomous mobile robotic system for carrying out a number of agricultural tasks in sugarcane fields. The proposed concept consists of a semi-autonomous, low-cost, dust and waterproof tankette-type vehicle, capable of infiltrating dense vegetation in plantation tunnels and carry several sensing systems, in order to perform mapping of hard-to-access areas and collecting samples. This paper presents an overview of the robot mechanical design, the embedded electronics and software architecture, and the construction of a first prototype. Preliminary results obtained in field tests validate the proposed conceptual design and bring about several challenges and potential applications for robot autonomous navigation, as well as to build a new prototype with additional functionality.Comment: 9 pages, 15 figure

Mapping the sensitivity of split ring resonators using a localized analyte

Split ring resonator (SRR) based metamaterials have frequently been demonstrated for use as optical sensors of organic materials. This is made possible by matching the wavelength of the SRR plasmonic resonance with a molecular resonance of a specific analyte, which is usually placed on top of the metal structure. However, systematic studies of SRRs that identify the regions that exhibit a high electric field strength are commonly performed using simulations. In this paper we demonstrate that areas of high electric field strength, termed “hot-spots,” can be found by localizing a small quantity of organic analyte at various positions on or near the structure. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the SRR to the localized analyte can be quantified to determine, experimentally, suitable regions for optical sensing

Vertical migration of the crab Carcinus maenas first zoea in an estuary: implications for tidal stream transport

The first zoea of Carcinus maenas (L.) was intensively sampled in the Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) during the winter and spring of 1990. Each sampling period included a series of 25 h fixed-station plankton sampling cycles (12 in winter and 9 in spring), conducted at 1 station located in the lower part of the Canal. Plankton samples were collected every hour, at several depths along the water column, with the use of a pump. Hydrological measurements (salinity, temperature and current velocity and direction) were taken immediately before the collection of the plankton samples. The average depth of the zoeae changed in phase with the tide: larvae reached their highest position in the water column during ebb and their lowest during flood. The extent and phasing of the vertical displacements were such that the first zoea occupied a significantly higher position during the span of the ebb than during flood (p < 0.001). It was also demonstrated that the larvae were significantly closer to the surface during the night (p < 0.05). The pattern of vertical dispersion of the zoeae changed cyclically, with a period equivalent to the tidal half-cycle. Maximum aggregation usually occurred during periods of high current velocity and was independent from water stratification. These observations support the hypothesis that C. maenas first zoea performs an active vertical migration synchronised with tidal and daily cycles. Analysis of the zoeae instantaneous velocity showed that shifts of vertical position according to the phases of tide and day influenced their transport velocity, due to vertical differences of water velocity in the estuarine shear current system. During ebb the larvae were transported at a velocity that exceeded the vertically integrated water velocity; the reverse relationship was observed during flood (p < 0.001). The larvae were also transported faster during the night than during the day (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that selective tidal stream transport can be generalised in the sense of a unidirectional transport mechanism in estuaries that can enhance exportation

Avaliação do controle químico na malformação da mangueira irrigada, no Submédio do Vale do rio São Francisco, Brasil.

O cultivo de espécies frutíferas na região semi-árida do Nordeste brasileiro vem crescendo continuamente, destacando-se a mangueira pelo valor comercial de seus frutos nos mercados nacional e internacional. As características edafoclimáticas da região e o manejo fitotécnico empregado nesta cultura têm possibilitado a obtenção de produtividades elevadas. No entanto, com a intensificação do cultivo o potencial de inóculo de patógenos tem aumentado, tornando as doenças uma ameaça constante. Dentre eles, merece especial atenção, a malformação floral e/ou vegetativa, dada a sua rápida disseminação e elevada redução da produtividade. Esses fatores motivaram a realização do presente trabalho visando avaliar o efeito de produtos químicos sobre a doença, em mangueiras irrigadas na região do Submédio do Vale do rio São Francisco. O experimento foi instalado em 01/06/1999, em pomar comercial, cultivar Tommy Atkins, de 4,5 anos de idade, em estádio inicial de florescimento. O índice de infestação inicial da doença foi determinado em 5,21%. O delineamento experimental composta de três plantas. Os produtos com suas respectivas dosagens, em p. c. por 100 litros de água, foram: thiabendazole 600 PM (75g), tebuconazole 200 CE + benomyl 500 PM (100 ml + 60g), tolylfluanid PM + tebuconazole 200 CE (150g + 100 ml), benomyl 500 PM (60 g), carboxin + thiram 200 SC (100 ml, kresoxim-methyl SC (20 ml), Azoxystrobin WG (20 g), epoxiconnazole 125 SC (150 ml). A testemunha foi representada por um tratamento sem produto. Utilizaram-se como parâmetros, o número de panículas malformadas e índice de infestação da doença. Os resultados obtidos aos 60 dias após a aplicação dos produtos, não evidenciaram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos em relação aos parâmetros avaliados.Coordenado por Abel Rebouças São José, Tiyoko Nair Hojo Rebouça~s, Daniel Nieto Angel, Ivan Vilas Bôas Souza, Nilma Oliveira Dias, Marinês Pereira Bomfim. Trabalhos apresentados no I Simpósio Latino Americano sobre Produção de Manga, 1999, Vitória da Conquista, BA

Hybrid Model For Word Prediction Using Naive Bayes and Latent Information

Historically, the Natural Language Processing area has been given too much attention by many researchers. One of the main motivation beyond this interest is related to the word prediction problem, which states that given a set words in a sentence, one can recommend the next word. In literature, this problem is solved by methods based on syntactic or semantic analysis. Solely, each of these analysis cannot achieve practical results for end-user applications. For instance, the Latent Semantic Analysis can handle semantic features of text, but cannot suggest words considering syntactical rules. On the other hand, there are models that treat both methods together and achieve state-of-the-art results, e.g. Deep Learning. These models can demand high computational effort, which can make the model infeasible for certain types of applications. With the advance of the technology and mathematical models, it is possible to develop faster systems with more accuracy. This work proposes a hybrid word suggestion model, based on Naive Bayes and Latent Semantic Analysis, considering neighbouring words around unfilled gaps. Results show that this model could achieve 44.2% of accuracy in the MSR Sentence Completion Challenge

Effect of boundary conditions on diffusion in two-dimensional granular gases

We analyze the influence of boundary conditions on numerical simulations of the diffusive properties of a two dimensional granular gas. We show in particular that periodic boundary conditions introduce unphysical correlations in time which cause the coefficient of diffusion to be strongly dependent on the system size. On the other hand, in large enough systems with hard walls at the boundaries, diffusion is found to be independent of the system size. We compare the results obtained in this case with Langevin theory for an elastic gas. Good agreement is found. We then calculate the relaxation time and the influence of the mass for a particle of radius $R_s$ in a sea of particles of radius $R_b$. As granular gases are dissipative, we also study the influence of an external random force on the diffusion process in a forced dissipative system. In particular, we analyze differences in the mean square velocity and displacement between the elastic and inelastic cases.Comment: 15 figures eps figures, include

Energy Dissipation and Trapping of Particles Moving on a Rough Surface

We report an experimental, numerical and theoretical study of the motion of a ball on a rough inclined surface. The control parameters are $D$, the diameter of the ball, $\theta$, the inclination angle of the rough surface and $E_{ki}$, the initial kinetic energy. When the angle of inclination is larger than some critical value, $\theta>\theta_{T}$, the ball moves at a constant average velocity which is independent of the initial conditions. For an angle $\theta < \theta_{T}$, the balls are trapped after moving a certain distance. The dependence of the travelled distances on $E_{ki}$, $D$ and $\theta$. is analysed. The existence of two kinds of mechanisms of dissipation is thus brought to light. We find that for high initial velocities the friction force is constant. As the velocity decreases below a certain threshold the friction becomes viscous.Comment: 8 pages RevTeX, 12 Postscript figure