Comparative Effects of Some Botanical Extracts and Chemicals in Controlling the Red Spider Mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard on Solanaceous Crops

The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi, is an invasive pest reported on solanaceous crops in Benin around 2008, causing heavy economic damage. The control of this mite by farmers is mainly done through intensive applications of chemical pesticides that are not always effective. In the present study, we evaluated in a laboratory, at IITA-Benin, the effects of two botanical insecticides: the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and Neem oil. This is together with Acarius 18 EC, a chemical acaricide generally used by growers on eggs and adult females T. evansi. The half recommended dose (0.5 l/ha), the recommended dose (1 l/ha), and the double recommended dose (2 l/ha) of Acarius and Neem oil as well as solutions at 1%, 2 %, 3%, 4% and 5% of CNSL were tested. Mean egg hatching rates varied significantly among treatments, ranging from 0.00 ± 0.00% (Neem oil and CNSL) (respectively at half recommended dose and 4%) to 100% (Control). Mortality of adult female T. evansi also differed significantly among treatments (P < 0.0001), ranging from 22.00 ± 4.20% to 100%. The highest mortality rates were recorded with Neem oil at any doses and with CNSL at 4%, whereas the lowest rate was recorded with the control treatment. Fecundity of pesticide-treated females T. evansi and proportion of eggs that hatched revealed significant differences among all doses of products (P < 0.0001). It appears from this study that even the half recommended dose of Neem oil and the CNSL at 4% were very effective on suppressing T. evansi populations and should, therefore, be subject to further studies to test their compatibility with natural enemies, and to determine strategies for their efficient applications in greenhouse and under field conditions.   &nbsp

Inborn errors of OAS-RNase L in SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and severe condition that follows benign COVID-19. We report autosomal recessive deficiencies of OAS1, OAS2, or RNASEL in five unrelated children with MIS-C. The cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-sensing OAS1 and OAS2 generate 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate the single-stranded RNA-degrading ribonuclease L (RNase L). Monocytic cell lines and primary myeloid cells with OAS1, OAS2, or RNase L deficiencies produce excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines upon dsRNA or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulation. Exogenous 2-5A suppresses cytokine production in OAS1-deficient but not RNase L-deficient cells. Cytokine production in RNase L-deficient cells is impaired by MDA5 or RIG-I deficiency and abolished by mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) deficiency. Recessive OAS-RNase L deficiencies in these patients unleash the production of SARS-CoV-2-triggered, MAVS-mediated inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes, thereby underlying MIS-C

Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software. Findings: In this study, a total of 164 articles (81 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 83 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth) were entered the meta-analysis. The prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 80,405 was 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6–50.8%), and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 1,454,871 was 53.8% (95% CI: 50–57.5%). Regarding the heterogeneity on the basis of meta-regression analysis, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world. With increasing the sample size and the year of study, dental caries in primary teeth increased and in permanent teeth decreased. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children in the world was found to be high. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be implemented to improve the aforementioned situation and to troubleshoot and monitor at all levels by providing feedback to hospitals

Analyse de la Variabilité des Extrêmes Climatiques dans le Bassin Versant de la Pendjari à l’Exutoire de Porga au Bénin

Le contexte climatique actuel en Afrique sub-saharienne est marqué par des irrégularités pluviométriques saisonnières, des déficits hydriques suivis d’une diminution du nombre d’évènements pluvieux, et une tendance à la hausse des températures. Depuis ces dernières années, le Bénin est confronté à de graves problèmes d’inondation et de sécheresse.Cette étude vise à analyser la variabilité des extrêmes climatiques dans le bassin versant de la Pendjari à l’exutoire de Porga. Les données de températures et de précipitations quotidiennes ont été analysées et des indices climatiques (ETCCDMI) calculés avec le programme RClimdex pour la  station synoptique de Natitingou sur la période allant de 1965 à 2015.Il ressort des résultats que les températures (maximum et minimum) montrent une tendance généralisée à la hausse, avec une majorité de tendances significatives (0,010,05) et en régression mitigée. Au regard de la variabilité spatiale des extrêmes climatiques dans le bassin, il ressort que, le secteur d’étude est plus exposé à l’augmentation des températures et à une diminution des précipitations

Caractéristiques clinico-biologiques d’une arbovirose guyanaise méconnue : le virus Tonate.

International audienc

Comparison of feeding ecology and dietary between olive colobus monkey (Procolobus verus) groups in forest fragments and continuous forest, Benin

In order to understand the feeding behavior of olive colobus, Procolobus verus in southern Benin (West Africa), a study on food ecology and diet of this species was conducted in two different habitats. The experiment was designed as Ad libitum sampling procedure was conducted with four unhabituated groups of olive colobus living in continuous forest and forest fragments, indicated that, this monkey was fed on foliage in both forest. However, leaves are the most important food in continuous forest compared with forest fragments but fruits, the least important in continuous forest. Results also showed that olive colobus was fed on 37parts of 25 plants species in forest fragments, and 42 parts of 32 plants species in continuous forest. Specific richness for both forests was 47 species, Sorensen similary index was 18% and 10 species were commonly occurred in two forests : Albizia zygia, Cleistopholis patens, Cynometra megalophylla, Leucaniodiscus cupanioïdes, Pauridiantha hirtella, Psychotria calva, Pterocarpus santalinoïdes, Spondianthus preussii, Terminalia avicennioïdes, Xylopia parviflora.Keywords: Procolobus verus, feeding, ab libitum, forest fragments, continuous forest, die