Nilai Ekonomi Wisata Gunung Sibayak Berdasarkan Metode Biaya Perjalanan (Travel Cost Methode) Di Berastagi Sumatera Utara

Natural tourism consists object and recreational tourism which related any activities that explores the potential of natural resources and its ecosystems. One of the places which required it is Berastagi, Tanah Karo in North Sumatera. The freshness and coolness of Berastagi atmosphere attracts many tourists to visit it. One of the attraction in Berastagi is the famous Mount Sibayak which is still developing until today. The purpose of this research is find out the characteristic of visitors who came for recreation to Sibayak Mountain, to know how much economic value tour of Sibayak Mountain per year based on Travel Cost Methode (TCM), to find out the factors affecting of economic value based on Travel Cost Methode (TCM). Materials and objects of this research is questionnaire sheet. Data collected using SPSS 21 (Statistic Package For Social Science) analyze. The results showed that Sibayak Mountain economic value based on Travel Cost Methode (TCM) of Rp.3.926.520.145,6/ year, with average person of Rp. 103.438,36

Nilai Ekonomi Wisata Gunung Sibayak Berdasarkan Metode Biaya Perjalanan (Travel Cost Methode) Di Berastagi Sumatera Utara

Natural tourism consists object and recreational tourism which related any activities that explores the potential of natural resources and its ecosystems. One of the places which required it is Berastagi, Tanah Karo in North Sumatera. The freshness and coolness of Berastagi atmosphere attracts many tourists to visit it. One of the attraction in Berastagi is the famous Mount Sibayak which is still developing until today. The purpose of this research is find out the characteristic of visitors who came for recreation to Sibayak Mountain, to know how much economic value tour of Sibayak Mountain per year based on Travel Cost Methode (TCM), to find out the factors affecting of economic value based on Travel Cost Methode (TCM). Materials and objects of this research is questionnaire sheet. Data collected using SPSS 21 (Statistic Package For Social Science) analyze. The results showed that Sibayak Mountain economic value based on Travel Cost Methode (TCM) of Rp.3.926.520.145,6/ year, with average person of Rp. 103.438,36

Investigation of the sequential validity of quality improvement team self-assessments in a health facility HIV improvement collaborative in Tanzania

Background: Self-assessment is widely used in the health care improvement collaboratives quality improvement (QI) teams’ to assess their own performance. There is mixed evidence on the validity of this approach. This study investigated sequential validity of self-assessments in a QI HIV collaborative in Tanzania.Objectives: Define the separate self-assessment steps in QI process; determine if the validity of self-assessments improved over time; determine if validity improvement is the same for the different self-assessment activities and determine if validity is the same for the different facilities and type of care.Design: Prospective semi-quantitative study.Setting: The study was undertaken over 10 months in nine facilities in Mtwara region of Tanzania following appropriate approvals. Study did not interfere with routine services and processes of continuous quality improvement at the facilities.Subjects:Trained investigators retrieved information from records and the computers using data capture forms. Patients of service providers were not questioned or participate in the study.Conclusion:The validity of self-assessments in the HIV/ART/PMTCT Improvement Collaborative in Mtwara region of Tanzania improved as the collaborative matured. Data from computerised data bases unreliable, calling for more training in the use of computers. The weakness in communication should be addressed by collaborative designers and coaches

Modelling stochastic bivariate mortality

Stochastic mortality, i.e. modelling death arrival via a jump process with stochastic intensity, is gaining increasing reputation as a way to represent mortality risk. This paper represents a first attempt to model the mortality risk of couples of individuals, according to the stochastic intensity approach. On the theoretical side, we extend to couples the Cox processes set up, i.e. the idea that mortality is driven by a jump process whose intensity is itself a stochastic process, proper of a particular generation within each gender. Dependence between the survival times of the members of a couple is captured by an Archimedean copula. On the calibration side, we fit the joint survival function by calibrating separately the (analytical) copula and the (analytical) margins. First, we select the best fit copula according to the methodology of Wang and Wells (2000) for censored data. Then, we provide a sample-based calibration for the intensity, using a time-homogeneous, non mean-reverting, affine process: this gives the analytical marginal survival functions. Coupling the best fit copula with the calibrated margins we obtain, on a sample generation, a joint survival function which incorporates the stochastic nature of mortality improvements and is far from representing independency.On the contrary, since the best fit copula turns out to be a Nelsen one, dependency is increasing with age and long-term dependence exists

Two-Particle Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Two-particle momentum correlations between pairs of identical particles produced in relativistic heavy-ion reactions can be analyzed to extract the space-time structure of the collision fireball. We review recent progress in the application of this method, based on newly developed theoretical tools and new high-quality data from heavy-ion collision experiments. Implications for our understanding of the collision dynamics and for the search for the quark-gluon plasma are discussed.Comment: 44 pages, LaTeX, 11 Figures, uses special style files (included), prepared for Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49 (1999). Error in Chapt. 1 corrected and a few references adde

Isotopic variation of parity violation in atomic ytterbium

We report on measurements of atomic parity violation, made on a chain of ytterbium isotopes with mass numbers A=170, 172, 174, and 176. In the experiment, we optically excite the 6s2 1S0 -> 5d6s 3D1 transition in a region of crossed electric and magnetic fields, and observe the interference between the Stark- and weak-interaction-induced transition amplitudes, by making field reversals that change the handedness of the coordinate system. This allows us to determine the ratio of the weak-interaction-induced electric-dipole (E1) transition moment and the Stark-induced E1 moment. Our measurements, which are at the 0.5% level of accuracy for three of the four isotopes measured, allow a definitive observation of the isotopic variation of the weak-interaction effects in an atom, which is found to be consistent with the prediction of the Standard Model. In addition, our measurements provide information about an additional Z' boson.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures, 2 table

Material-independent crack arrest statistics: Application to indentation experiments

An extensive experimental study of indentation and crack arrest statistics is presented for four different brittle materials (alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, glass). Evidence is given that the crack length statistics can be described by a universal (i.e. material independent) distribution. The latter directly derives from results obtained when modeling crack propagation as a depinning phenomenon. Crack arrest (or effective toughness) statistics appears to be fully characterized by two parameters, namely, an asymptotic crack length (or macroscopic toughness) value and a power law size dependent width. The experimental knowledge of the crack arrest statistics at one given scale thus gives access to its knowledge at all scales

Aminophylline and progesterone prevent inflammation-induced preterm parturition in the mouse

Although progesterone (P4) supplementation is the most widely used therapy for the prevention of preterm labor (PTL), reports of its clinical efficacy have been conflicting. We have previously shown that the anti-inflammatory effects of P4 can be enhanced by increasing intracellular cAMP levels in primary human myometrial cells. Here we have examined whether adding aminophylline (Am), a non-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, to P4 might improve its efficacy using in vivo and in vitro models of PTL. In a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PTL, we found that the combination of P4 and Am delayed the onset of LPS-induced PTL, while the same dose of P4 and Am alone had no effect. Pup survival was not improved by either agent alone or in combination. Myometrial prolabor and inflammatory cytokine gene expression was reduced, but the reduction was similar in P4 and P4/Am treated mice. There was no effect of the combination of P4 and Am on an ex vivo assessment of myometrial contractility. In human myometrial cells and myometrial tissue explants, we found that the combination had marked anti-inflammatory effects, reducing cytokine and COX-2 mRNA and protein levels to a greater extent than either agent alone. These data suggest that the combination of P4 and Am has a more potent anti-inflammatory effect than either agent alone and may be an effective combination in women at high-risk of PTL

The Age of the Milky Way Inner Halo

The Milky Way galaxy is observed to have multiple components with distinct properties, such as the bulge, disk, and halo. Unraveling the assembly history of these populations provides a powerful test to the theory of galaxy formation and evolution, but is often restricted due to difficulties in measuring accurate stellar ages for low mass, hydrogen-burning stars. Unlike these progenitors, the "cinders" of stellar evolution, white dwarf stars, are remarkably simple objects and their fundamental properties can be measured with little ambiguity from spectroscopy. Here I report observations and analysis of newly formed white dwarf stars in the halo of the Milky Way, and a comparison to published analysis of white dwarfs in the well-studied 12.5 billion-year-old globular cluster Messier 4. From this, I measure the mass distribution of the remnants and invert the stellar evolution process to develop a new relation that links this final stellar mass to the mass of their immediate progenitors, and therefore to the age of the parent population. By applying this technique to a small sample of four nearby and kinematically-confirmed halo white dwarfs, I measure the age of local field halo stars to be 11.4 +/- 0.7 billion years. This age is directly tied to the globular cluster age scale, on which the oldest clusters formed 13.5 billion years ago. Future (spectroscopic) observations of newly formed white dwarfs in the Milky Way halo can be used to reduce the present uncertainty, and to probe relative differences between the formation time of the last clusters and the inner halo.Comment: Published in Nature, 2012, 486, 90. Second version corrects a missing reference (#10) in the third paragraph and Figure 1 captio

Brane Localization and Stabilization via Regional Physics

Extra-dimensional scenarios have become widespread among particle and gravitational theories of physics to address several outstanding problems, including cosmic acceleration, the weak hierarchy problem, and the quantization of gravity. In general, the topology and geometry of the full spacetime manifold will be non-trivial, even if our ordinary dimensions have the topology of their covering space. Most compact manifolds are inhomogeneous, even if they admit a homogeneous geometry, and it will be physically relevant where in the extra-dimensions one is located. In this letter, we explore the use of both local and global effects in a braneworld scenario to naturally provide position-dependent forces that determine and stabilize the location of a single brane. For illustrative purposes, we consider the 2-dimensional hyperbolic horn and the Euclidean cone as toy models of the extra-dimensional manifold, and add a brane wrapped around one of the two spatial dimensions. We calculate the total energy due to brane tension and bending (extrinsic curvature) as well as that due to the Casimir energy of a bulk scalar satisfying a Dirchlet boundary condition on the brane. From the competition of at least two of these effects there can exist a stable minimum of the effective potential for the brane location. However, on more generic spaces (on which more symmetries are broken) any one of these effects may be sufficient to stabilize the brane. We discuss this as an example of physics that is neither local nor global, but regional.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. PRL submitte