Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of this report is to provide a succinct but comprehensive summary of the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of manual treatment for the management of a variety of musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal conditions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The conclusions are based on the results of systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), widely accepted and primarily UK and United States evidence-based clinical guidelines, plus the results of all RCTs not yet included in the first three categories. The strength/quality of the evidence regarding effectiveness was based on an adapted version of the grading system developed by the US Preventive Services Task Force and a study risk of bias assessment tool for the recent RCTs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By September 2009, 26 categories of conditions were located containing RCT evidence for the use of manual therapy: 13 musculoskeletal conditions, four types of chronic headache and nine non-musculoskeletal conditions. We identified 49 recent relevant systematic reviews and 16 evidence-based clinical guidelines plus an additional 46 RCTs not yet included in systematic reviews and guidelines.</p> <p>Additionally, brief references are made to other effective non-pharmacological, non-invasive physical treatments.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Spinal manipulation/mobilization is effective in adults for: acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain; migraine and cervicogenic headache; cervicogenic dizziness; manipulation/mobilization is effective for several extremity joint conditions; and thoracic manipulation/mobilization is effective for acute/subacute neck pain. The evidence is inconclusive for cervical manipulation/mobilization alone for neck pain of any duration, and for manipulation/mobilization for mid back pain, sciatica, tension-type headache, coccydynia, temporomandibular joint disorders, fibromyalgia, premenstrual syndrome, and pneumonia in older adults. Spinal manipulation is not effective for asthma and dysmenorrhea when compared to sham manipulation, or for Stage 1 hypertension when added to an antihypertensive diet. In children, the evidence is inconclusive regarding the effectiveness for otitis media and enuresis, and it is not effective for infantile colic and asthma when compared to sham manipulation.</p> <p>Massage is effective in adults for chronic low back pain and chronic neck pain. The evidence is inconclusive for knee osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, migraine headache, and premenstrual syndrome. In children, the evidence is inconclusive for asthma and infantile colic.</p

Shadow money and the public money supply: the impact of the 2007-2009 financial crisis on the monetary system

This article explores the effects of the political reactions to the 2007–2009 financial crisis on the monetary system. It chimes in with the view that shadow banks create ‘shadow money’, i.e. private substitutes for bank deposits. The article analyses how the three main forms of shadow money – money market fund shares, overnight repurchase agreements and asset-backed commercial papers – were affected by the short-term government intervention and medium-term regulation during and after the 2007–2009 financial crisis in the United States. The analysis reveals that the measures taken between 2007 and 2014 integrated some shadow money forms in the public money supply. In the year after the Lehman collapse, the initially private shadow money supply was either publicly backstopped or de-monetised as it had broken par to bank deposits. The public backstops took on the form of emergency facilities established by the Federal Reserve and guarantees proclaimed by the Treasury. Those backstops imply that the public institutional framework to protect bank deposits was extended to some forms of shadow money during the crisis. This tendency has continued in post-crisis regulation. Accordingly, the 2007–2009 financial crisis has triggered a paradigmatic change in the monetary system, attributable to the political decisions of US authorities

Isoenzymes of N-Acetyl-β-Glucosaminidase frorn Human Liver and Serum: Separation by Electrofocusing in Thin Layers of Polyacrylamide Gel

Peer Reviewe

Efficacy of high-velocity low-amplitude manipulative technique in subjects with low-back pain during menstrual cramping.

Previous studies have shown that dysmenorrhea produces low-back pain and an electromyographic (EMG) pattern typical of trauma-induced low-back pain. To determine the effects of high-velocity low-amplitude osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) on this type of low-back pain, 12 dysmenorrheic subjects were assigned to a group receiving OMT or to a group not receiving OMT (or both). Eight subjects participated in both groups, the other four being equally distributed between groups. Osteopathic manipulative treatment significantly decreased EMG activity during extension of the lumbar spinae erector muscles and abolished the spontaneous EMG activity. These EMG changes coincided with the patient\u27s report of alleviated low-back pain and menstrual cramping. Osteopathic manipulative treatment did not change the creatinine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase or lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzyme activity, or myoglobin concentration

Stable tri-snRNP integration is accompanied by a major structural rearrangement of the spliceosome that is dependent on Prp8 interaction with the 5‘ splice site.

Exon definition is the predominant initial spliceosome assembly pathway in higher eukaryotes, but it remains much less well-characterized compared to the intron-defined assembly pathway. Addition in trans of an excess of 5′ss containing RNA to a splicing reaction converts a 37S exon-defined complex, formed on a single exon RNA substrate, into a 45S B-like spliceosomal complex with stably integrated U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP. This 45S complex is compositonally and structurally highly similar to an intron-defined spliceosomal B complex. Stable tri-snRNP integration during B-like complex formation is accompanied by a major structural change as visualized by electron microscopy. The changes in structure and stability during transition from a 37S to 45S complex can be induced in affinity-purified cross-exon complexes by adding solely the 5′ss RNA oligonucleotide. This conformational change does not require the B-specific proteins, which are recruited during this stabilization process, or site-specific phosphorylation of hPrp31. Instead it is triggered by the interaction of U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP components with the 5′ss sequence, most importantly between Prp8 and nucleotides at the exon–intron junction. These studies provide novel insights into the conversion of a cross-exon to cross-intron organized spliceosome and also shed light on the requirements for stable tri-snRNP integration during B complex formation

Thoracic lymphatic pumping and the efficacy of influenza vaccination in healthy young and elderly populations.

The authors investigated whether thoracic lymphatic pumping (TLP) after FluShield vaccination enhanced the production of anti-influenza immunoglobulins in elderly individuals, who are at particular risk for influenza. Osteopathic students and non-TLP-treated elderly subjects served as controls. Serum antibody titers were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hemagglutination inhibition assay, both of which generated comparable results. While approximately 70% of the younger controls had increased anti-influenza immunoglobulin production on vaccination, only 30% to 35% of the aged population had increased antibody production. There was no significant enhancement in anti-influenza immunoglobulin production in the TLP-treated subjects. The authors\u27 findings suggest that TLP in conjunction with influenza vaccination does not enhance immunization against influenza in otherwise healthy and active populations. However, such techniques may be of value when applied in conjunction with vaccination to nonambulatory patients or on actual influenza exposure of at-risk individuals

A spliceosome intermediate with loosely associated tri-snRNP accumulates in the absence of Prp28 ATPase activity.

The precise role of the spliceosomal DEAD-box protein Prp28 in higher eukaryotes remains unclear. We show that stable tri-snRNP association during pre-catalytic spliceosomal B complex formation is blocked by a dominant-negative hPrp28 mutant lacking ATPase activity. Complexes formed in the presence of ATPase-deficient hPrp28 represent a novel assembly intermediate, the pre-B complex, that contains U1, U2 and loosely associated tri-snRNP and is stalled before disruption of the U1/5'ss base pairing interaction, consistent with a role for hPrp28 in the latter. Pre-B and B complexes differ structurally, indicating that stable tri-snRNP integration is accompanied by substantial rearrangements in the spliceosome. Disruption of the U1/5'ss interaction alone is not sufficient to bypass the block by ATPase-deficient hPrp28, suggesting hPrp28 has an additional function at this stage of splicing. Our data provide new insights into the function of Prp28 in higher eukaryotes, and the requirements for stable tri-snRNP binding during B complex formation