Studi Experimental Penggunaan Venturi Scrubber Dan Cyclonic Separator Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Pada Sistem Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Dalam Menurunkan NOX Pada Motor Diesel

Salah satu cara yang efektif untuk mengurangi NOX adalah dengan menggunakan metode Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). Dengan metode EGR, oksigen yang masuk ke ruang bakar akan berkurang sehingga NOX dapat diturunkan dengan signifikan, akan tetapi power dari mesin tersebut juga akan berkurang dan Particulate Matter (PM) akan naik secara signifikan. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas penggunaan EGR yang telah di optimalkan dengan penambahan venturi scrubber dan cyclonic separator, tujuannya mengurangi NOX tanpa meningkatkan PM. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan NOX turun sebesar 48.89% dan PM turun dari 69,87% menjadi 9.87%

Pengaruh Seepage dan Kestabilan Lereng terhadap Optimalisasi Geometri Lereng Tambang Bukit M Air Laya Blok Timur, Unit Pertambangan Tanjung Enim

Kestabilan lereng merupakan salah satu hal terpenting dalam proses eksploitasi tambang batubara. Diperlukan penyelidikan geoteknik dalam perancangan desain yang aman dan efektif sehingga penambangan batubara dapat dioptimalisasikan. Daerah penelitian dilakukan pada tambang Bukit M Air Laya Blok Timur Unit Pertambangan Tanjung Enim. Lokasi tambang ini berada disebelah barat sungai, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pola aliran dan kestabilitan lereng dalam optimalisasi geometri lereng.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan cara melakukan interpretasi data log bor untuk mengetahui karakteristik tiap lapisan penyusun daerah tersebut meliputi data permeabilitas, kohesi, sudut geser serta bobot isi yang nantinya akan diolah menggunakan software Geoslope Seep/w dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar debit yang akan merembes dan Geoslope Slope/w dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai faktor keamanan suatu lereng.Analisis rembesan terhadap kestabilan lereng dimodelkan dengan 2 penampang dengan jarak boundary tambang dari sungai yaitu 100m. Dua penampang memiliki elevasi tambang dibawah sungai Enim yaitu penampang C-C' menghasilkan debit sebesar 3.186e-08 m3/s, penampang D-D' menghasilkan debit sebesar 4.768e-08 m3/s. Analisa Slope/w dihasilkan Fk Penampang C-C' = 1.754 (Stabil) Penampang D-D'= 2.509 (Stabil). Penampang E-E' =2.310 (Stabil). Untuk desain pelebaran lereng /boundary tambang dilakukan pula analisa kelerengan pada lereng utara dan selatan sebanyak 3 penampang dihasilkan Fk penampang G-G' memiliki FK 1.992 (U) dan 1.583 (S). penampang H-H' 1.855 (S) dan penampang I-I' 1.608 (U) dan 1.904 (S). Dari hasil kajian optimalisasi pelebaran dengan jarak 100 m dari Sungai Enim ke boundary tambang memiliki FK overall slope > 1.72 dengan pengaruh pola aliran dari sungai ke tambang maupun tambang ke sungai dikategorikan tidak terlalu besar sehingga pada daerah ini layak untuk diperlebar atau dioptimalkan

Komposisi Jenis dan Kelimpahan Fitoplankton Perairan Laut Riau

This research was conducted in April 2013 and was located at Riau marine waters. Samples were analyzed in the Biology Laboratory of Marine Science Department of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty of Riau University. The aim of this study was to observe the phytoplankton communities. This research used survey method. The study found 31 species of phytoplankton, these were 19 species from Bacillariophyceae, 9 species from Dinophyceae, 2 species from Chlorophyceae and 1 species from Cyanophyceae. Phytoplankton was dominated by group of Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) 61%. The other groups comprising of Dinophyceae 29%, Chlorophyceae (7%), and Cyanophyceae 3%. Phytoplankton abundance varied from 87-593 ind/L, the higest value in station 9 Zone III and the lowest value in station 11 zone III. Whereas the highest value of zone abundance was zone II 443 ind/L and the lowest was zone I 253 ind/L. Phytoplankton community was dominated by the group of diatoms, such as Nitzschia sigma, Thallasiothrix longissima, and Thallasiothrix delicatula

Personenmarken erfolgreich managen : ein markenpersönlichkeitsbasierter Steuerungsansatz

Personen, wie beispielsweise Sportler, Politiker, Künstler oder Manager, die ihre Leistungen und zunehmend auch sich selb st vermarkten, können als Marken verstanden werden. Ähnlich wie Gütermarken stehen auch Personenmarken immer häufiger vor der Herausforderung, durch eine erfolgreiche Differenzierung im Verdrängungswettbewerb zu bestehen. Trotz ihres enormen wirtschaftlichen Potenzials existiert für Personenmarken bislang kein systematischer Ansatz zur Differenzierung gegenüber der Konkurrenz und somit auch keine Grundlage für ihre effektive Vermarktung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird daher zunächst dargestellt, dass das Konzept der Marke auf Personen übertragen und der im Gütermarketing erfolgreich eingesetzte Differenzierungsansatz der Markenpersönlichkeit auch im Kontext von Personenmarken angewendet werden kann. In einem weiteren Schritt werden die im Rahmen einer empirischen Studie ermittelten Einflussfaktoren der Markenpersönlichkeit von Personenmarken vorgestellt und ihre Einsatzmöglichkeiten für ein effektives strategisches Management von Personenmarken beschrieben

Kombinasi Metode Steaming-up dan Flushing dalam Meningkatkan Litter Size Babi Landrace

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan jumlah anak babi Landrace dengan menggunakan metode steaming-up (injeksi ovalumon) dan flushing (penambahan glukosa dalam ransum) pada 12 ekor babi induk. Penelitianini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan pola percobaan faktorial 2×2. Faktor pertama (H)adalah steaming-up dengan injeksi ovalumon, dibagi menjadi dua yakni tanpa injeksi (H0) dan dengan injeksi(H1). Faktor kedua (F) adalah flushing dengan penambahan glukosa, dibagi menjadi dua yakni tanpa glukosa (F0)dan dengan glukosa (F1). Injeksi 3 ml ovalumon (2.000 i.u Estrogen) pada tiap ekor induk diberikan melalui suntikandibawah kulit belakang telinga hari ke-10 setelah penyapihan. Pemberian pakan tambahan berupa 100grglukosa dalam ransum dilakukan mulai penyapihan sampai saat induk dikawinkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa rataan jumlah anak babi per kelahiran (litter size) pada H0F0 (kontrol); H0F1; H1F0 dan H1F1 masingmasingadalah 4,33±0,58; 7,67±0,58; 7,00±0,99 dan 9,33±0,58 ekor. Bobot lahir anak per induk masing-masingadalah 4,10±0,38; 6,12±0,05; 5,86±0,50 dan 7,14±0,25 kg; dan bobot lahir anak per ekor masing-masing adalah0,95±0,03; 0,80±0,06; 0,84±0,07 dan 0,77±0,03 kg, serta munculnya berahi setelah penyapihan masing-masingadalah 14,67±0,58; 13,00±0,58; 12,67±0,58 dan 11,33±0,58. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwametode steaming-up dan flushing pada babi landrace dapat mempercepat munculnya berahi setelah penyapihananak, meningkatkan litter size, berpengaruh terhadap bobot lahir per induk dan bobot lahir per ekor

Holographic Construction of Excited CFT States

We present a systematic construction of bulk solutions that are dual to CFT excited states. The bulk solution is constructed perturbatively in bulk fields. The linearised solution is universal and depends only on the conformal dimension of the primary operator that is associated with the state via the operator-state correspondence, while higher order terms depend on detailed properties of the operator, such as its OPE with itself and generally involve many bulk fields. We illustrate the discussion with the holographic construction of the universal part of the solution for states of two dimensional CFTs, either on $R \times S^1$ or on $R^{1,1}$. We compute the 1-point function both in the CFT and in the bulk, finding exact agreement. We comment on the relation with other reconstruction approaches.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figures, v2: comments adde

Reductions in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality following the national Irish smoking ban: Interrupted time-series analysis

Copyright @ 2013 Stallings-Smith et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Background: Previous studies have shown decreases in cardiovascular mortality following the implementation of comprehensive smoking bans. It is not known whether cerebrovascular or respiratory mortality decreases post-ban. On March 29, 2004, the Republic of Ireland became the first country in the world to implement a national workplace smoking ban. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this policy on all-cause and cause-specific, non-trauma mortality. Methods: A time-series epidemiologic assessment was conducted, utilizing Poisson regression to examine weekly age and gender-standardized rates for 215,878 non-trauma deaths in the Irish population, ages ≥35 years. The study period was from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, with a post-ban follow-up of 3.75 years. All models were adjusted for time trend, season, influenza, and smoking prevalence. Results: Following ban implementation, an immediate 13% decrease in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99), a 26% reduction in ischemic heart disease (IHD) (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63-0.88), a 32% reduction in stroke (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54-0.85), and a 38% reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.83) mortality was observed. Post-ban reductions in IHD, stroke, and COPD mortalities were seen in ages ≥65 years, but not in ages 35-64 years. COPD mortality reductions were found only in females (RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.32-0.70). Post-ban annual trend reductions were not detected for any smoking-related causes of death. Unadjusted estimates indicate that 3,726 (95% CI: 2,305-4,629) smoking-related deaths were likely prevented post-ban. Mortality decreases were primarily due to reductions in passive smoking. Conclusions: The national Irish smoking ban was associated with immediate reductions in early mortality. Importantly, post-ban risk differences did not change with a longer follow-up period. This study corroborates previous evidence for cardiovascular causes, and is the first to demonstrate reductions in cerebrovascular and respiratory causes

The association of cold weather and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the island of Ireland between 1984 and 2007

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Background This study aimed to assess the relationship between cold temperature and daily mortality in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI), and to explore any differences in the population responses between the two jurisdictions. Methods A time-stratified case-crossover approach was used to examine this relationship in two adult national populations, between 1984 and 2007. Daily mortality risk was examined in association with exposure to daily maximum temperatures on the same day and up to 6 weeks preceding death, during the winter (December-February) and cold period (October-March), using distributed lag models. Model stratification by age and gender assessed for modification of the cold weather-mortality relationship. Results In the ROI, the impact of cold weather in winter persisted up to 35 days, with a cumulative mortality increase for all-causes of 6.4% (95%CI=4.8%-7.9%) in relation to every 1oC drop in daily maximum temperature, similar increases for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke, and twice as much for respiratory causes. In NI, these associations were less pronounced for CVD causes, and overall extended up to 28 days. Effects of cold weather on mortality increased with age in both jurisdictions, and some suggestive gender differences were observed. Conclusions The study findings indicated strong cold weather-mortality associations in the island of Ireland; these effects were less persistent, and for CVD mortality, smaller in NI than in the ROI. Together with suggestive differences in associations by age and gender between the two Irish jurisdictions, the findings suggest potential contribution of underlying societal differences, and require further exploration. The evidence provided here will hope to contribute to the current efforts to modify fuel policy and reduce winter mortality in Ireland