8 research outputs found
High-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ToF-CIMS): application to study SOA composition and processing
This paper demonstrates the capabilities of chemical ionization mass
spectrometry (CIMS) to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composition
with a high-resolution (HR) time-of-flight mass analyzer (aerosol-ToF-CIMS).
In particular, by studying aqueous oxidation of water-soluble organic
compounds (WSOC) extracted from α-pinene ozonolysis SOA, we assess
the capabilities of three common CIMS reagent ions: (a) protonated water
clusters (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>H<sup>+</sup>, (b) acetate CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sup>−</sup> and (c)
iodide water clusters I(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub><sup>−</sup> to monitor SOA composition. Furthermore, we report the relative sensitivity of these reagent ions to a wide
range of common organic aerosol constituents. We find that
(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>H<sup>+</sup> is more selective to the detection of less oxidized
species, so that the range of O / C and OS<sub>C</sub> (carbon oxidation state) in
the SOA spectra is considerably lower than those measured using
CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sup>−</sup> and I(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub><sup>−</sup>. Specifically,
(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>H<sup>+</sup> ionizes organic compounds with OS<sub>C</sub> ≤ 1.3,
whereas CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sup>−</sup> and I(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub><sup>−</sup> both ionize highly
oxygenated organics with OS<sub>C</sub> up to 4 with I(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub><sup>−</sup>
being more selective towards multi-functional organic compounds. In the bulk
O / C and H / C space (in a Van Krevelen plot), there is a remarkable
agreement in both absolute magnitude and oxidation trajectory between
ToF-CIMS data and those from a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer
(HR-AMS). Despite not using a sensitivity-weighted response for the ToF-CIMS
data, the CIMS approach appears to capture much of the chemical change
occurring. As demonstrated by the calibration experiments with standards,
this is likely because there is not a large variability in sensitivities
from one highly oxygenated species to another, particularly for the
CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sup>−</sup> and I(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub><sup>−</sup> reagent ions. Finally, the
data illustrate the capability of aerosol-ToF-CIMS to monitor specific
chemical change, including the fragmentation and functionalization reactions
that occur during organic oxidation, and the oxidative conversion of dimeric
SOA species into monomers. Overall, aerosol-ToF-CIMS is a valuable,
selective complement to some common SOA characterization methods, such as
AMS and spectroscopic techniques. Both laboratory and ambient SOA samples
can be analyzed using the techniques illustrated in the paper
Aqueous-phase photooxidation of levoglucosan – A mechanistic study using aerosol time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry (Aerosol ToF-CIMS)
10.5194/acp-14-9695-2014Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics14189695-970
Aqueous-phase photooxidation of levoglucosan – a mechanistic study using Aerosol Time of Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Aerosol-ToF-CIMS)
Levoglucosan (LG) is a widely employed tracer for biomass burning (BB).
Recent studies have shown that LG can react rapidly with hydroxyl (OH)
radicals in the aqueous phase despite many mass balance receptor models
assuming it to be inert during atmospheric transport. In the current study,
aqueous-phase photooxidation of LG by OH radicals was performed in the
laboratory. The reaction kinetics and products were monitored by aerosol time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry (Aerosol ToF-CIMS).
Approximately 50 reaction products were detected by the Aerosol ToF-CIMS
during the photooxidation experiments, representing one of the most detailed
product studies yet performed. By following the evolution of mass defects of
product peaks, unique trends of adding oxygen (+O) and removing hydrogen
(−2H) were observed among the products detected, providing useful
information for determining potential reaction mechanisms and sequences. Additionally, bond-scission reactions take place, leading to reaction intermediates
with lower carbon numbers. We introduce a data analysis framework where the
average oxidation state (OSc) is plotted against a novel molecular
property: double-bond-equivalence-to-carbon ratio
(DBE/#C). The trajectory of LG photooxidation on this plot
suggests formation of polycarbonyl intermediates and their subsequent
conversion to carboxylic acids as a general reaction trend. We also
determined the rate constant of LG with OH radicals at room temperature to be
1.08 ± 0.16 × 109 M−1 s−1. By coupling an
aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) to the system, we observed a rapid decay of
the mass fraction of organic signals at mass-to-charge ratio 60 (f60),
corresponding closely to the LG decay monitored by the Aerosol ToF-CIMS. The
trajectory of LG photooxidation on a f44–f60 correlation plot matched
closely to literature field measurement data. This implies that aqueous-phase
photooxidation might be partially contributing to aging of BB particles in
the ambient atmosphere
Rapid Aqueous-Phase Photooxidation of Dimers in the α‑Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol
Chemical complexity significantly
hinders our understanding of
the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which
is known to have impacts on air quality and global climate. Dimeric
substances present in SOA comprise a major fraction of extremely low-volatile
organic compounds that are especially poorly characterized. Using
online mass spectrometry, we have investigated the aqueous-phase OH
oxidation of dimers present in the water-soluble fraction of SOA arising
from ozonolysis of α-pinene. This study highlights very rapid
OH oxidation of dimeric compounds. In particular, using pinonic acid
as a reference compound, we obtained second-order rate constants for
the loss of 12 dimers, with an average value of (1.3 ± 0.5) ×
10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> at room
temperature. For the first time, this study demonstrates that rapid
loss of dimeric compounds will occur in cloudwater and potentially
also in aqueous aerosols
Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material
This paper demonstrates that OH radicals are formed by photolysis of
secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material formed by terpene ozonolysis. The
SOA is collected on filters, dissolved in water containing a radical trap
(benzoic acid), and then exposed to ultraviolet light in a photochemical
reactor. The OH formation rates, which are similar for both α-pinene
and limonene SOA, are measured from the formation rate of p-hydroxybenzoic
acid as measured using offline HPLC analysis. To evaluate whether the OH is
formed by photolysis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> or organic hydroperoxides (ROOH), the
peroxide content of the SOA was measured using the horseradish
peroxidase-dichlorofluorescein (HRP-DCF) assay, which was calibrated using
H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The OH formation rates from SOA are 5 times faster than
from the photolysis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> solutions whose concentrations
correspond to the peroxide content of the SOA solutions, assuming that the
HRP-DCF signal arises from H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> alone. The higher rates of OH
formation from SOA are likely due to ROOH photolysis, but we cannot rule out
a contribution from secondary processes as well. This result is
substantiated by photolysis experiments conducted with t-butyl hydroperoxide
and cumene hydroperoxide which produce over 3 times more OH than
photolysis of equivalent concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Relative to the
peroxide level in the SOA and assuming that the peroxides drive most of the
ultraviolet absorption, the quantum yield for OH generation from α-pinene SOA is 0.8 ± 0.4. This is the first demonstration of an
efficient photolytic source of OH in SOA, one that may affect both
cloud water and aerosol chemistry
Chemical evolution of atmospheric organic carbon over multiple generations of oxidation
The evolution of atmospheric organic carbon as it undergoes oxidation has a controlling influence on concentrations of key atmospheric species, including particulate matter, ozone and oxidants. However, full characterization of organic carbon over hours to days of atmospheric processing has been stymied by its extreme chemical complexity. Here we study the multigenerational oxidation of α-pinene in the laboratory, characterizing products with several state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Although quantification of some early generation products remains elusive, full carbon closure is achieved (within measurement uncertainty) by the end of the experiments. These results provide new insights into the effects of oxidation on organic carbon properties (volatility, oxidation state and reactivity) and the atmospheric lifecycle of organic carbon. Following an initial period characterized by functionalization reactions and particle growth, fragmentation reactions dominate, forming smaller species. After approximately one day of atmospheric aging, most carbon is sequestered in two long-lived reservoirs—volatile oxidized gases and low-volatility particulate matter.National Science Foundation (U.S.). Graduate Research Fellowship Program (AGS-PRF 1433432)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Grant AGS-1536939)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Grant AGS-1537446)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Grant AGS-1536551