Exploring the effect of time and sex in family and community violence from 2008 to 2014

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the time and the sex of victims and perpetrators on the rates of family and community physical violence in a Brazilian municipality over seven years (2008–2014). METHODS: We made a census analysis from non-fatal victims attended in the Forensic Institute of the Scientific Civil Police. The monthly and annual violence rates were calculated based on the population size of the municipality. Time series was evaluated by negative binomial regression models, based on the number of cases with population offset and considering the effect of the sex of victims and perpetrators. RESULTS: A total of 3,324 cases of family and 4,634 cases of community violence were analyzed. There was a significant increase in family violence rates for female victims and male perpetrators. Family violence rates were always higher for female victims than for male and it was always lower for female perpetrators than for male (p < 0.001). There was a lower risk of community violence for male victims after 2013 and a decrease of aggression perpetrated by men over time. Men and women were similarly affected by community violence; however, the perpetrators were more frequently men. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a trend of increasing female victims in the family violence, mainly perpetrated by men. The reduction in community violence rates could be the result of policies to reduce crime

Uso de decocto de Spondias mombin L. como antisséptico em felinos submetidos à castração

Foi avaliada a eficiência do decocto das folhas de cajá (Spondias mombin L.) como antisséptico no pós-cirúrgico de gatos submetidos à orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Para tal, foram submetidos à castração 45 gatos sem raça definida, divididos em três grupos. O primeiro grupo como controle positivo com Solução Alcoólica de Clorexidine a 0,5%; segundo grupo controle negativo com água destilada estéril; e o grupo teste com o decocto de cajá à concentração de 100 mg/mL. Todos os animais, independentemente da idade e sexo, tiveram cicatrização visível em tempo similar. Animais tratados com o decocto apresentaram uma redução significativa do crescimento bacteriano. Além disso, observou-se uma melhor cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas dos animais tratados no grupo teste. Todas as estirpes bacterianas isoladas apresentaram halo de inibição para clorexidine e para Spondias mombin L. Portanto, o decocto das folhas da Spondias mombin L. apresentou eficácia antisséptica nas feridas cirúrgicas de gatos submetidos à orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia.This survey evaluated mombin leaves (Spondias mombin L.) decoction efficiency as an antiseptic during post-surgery period on cats submitted to orchiectomy and ovariosalpingohisterectomy. For this purpose, 45 castrated mongrels cats were divided into three groups, the first group as a positive control using 0.5% chlorhexidine-alcohol solution, the second a negative control group using sterile distilled water and, finally, the test group using mombin leaves decocted with a concentration of 100 mg/mL. All animals, independent of age and sex, had visibly healed in most cases in a similar time. Animals treated with mombin leaves decoction presented a significant reduction of bacterial growth. In addition, the animals treated in the test group had better surgical wound healing. All isolated bacterial strains presented inhibition halo for chlorhexidine and for Spondias mombin L. Thus, the decoction of Spondias mombin L. leaves proved antiseptic efficacy in the surgical wounds of cats submitted to orchiectomy and ovariosalpingohisterectomy

Determination of Maximum Water Infiltration Areas in Vacacaí-Mirim Basin in Southern Brazil

A determinação das taxas de infiltração de água no solo é de fundamental importância, pois além de determinar a recarga de aquíferos estima a vulnerabilidade a contaminação a qual o mesmo está sujeito. Com base nisso o presente trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o índice de infiltração de água no solo pelo método DRASTIC na bacia hidrográfica do rio Vacacaí-Mirim, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a determinação desses índices, seguiu-se a metodologia descrita por Oliveira e Ferreira (2002), onde as análises para os parâmetros físicos foram obtidos no laboratório de física do solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus de Frederico Westphalen-RS. Os índices de facilidade a infiltração nos anos de 2010 e 2011 variaram de 10 (áreas pouco fissuradas) a 30 (áreas com altas perfurações). Com relação as áreas de infiltração máxima, no ano de 2010, 24 % da área da bacia apresentou tal condição, já para o ano de 2011, esse percentual caiu para 18,55 %. Com base nisso, a metodologia se mostra interessante para a determinação das taxas de infiltração de água na bacia hidrográfica do rio Vacacaí-Mirim. As áreas que mais se destacaram com as taxas de infiltração máxima localizam-se nas várzeas da bacia hidrográfica, onde predominam o cultivo de arroz, sendo assim é de fundamental importância a preservação de tais áreas com vista a manutenção da qualidade da água subterrânea no local

Epidemiological and Spatial Characteristics of Interpersonal Physical Violence in a Brazilian City: A Comparative Study of Violent Injury Hotspots in Familial Versus Non-Familial Settings, 2012-2014

This study explores both epidemiological and spatial characteristics of domestic and communityinterpersonal violence. We evaluated three years of violent trauma data in themedium-sized city of Campina Grande in North-Eastern Brazil. 3559 medical and police recordswere analysed and 2563 cases were included to identify socioeconomic and geographicpatterns. The associations between sociodemographic, temporal, and incidentcharacteristics and domestic violence were evaluated using logistic regression. Using GeographicalInformation Systems (GIS), we mapped victims’ household addresses to identifyspatial patterns. We observed a higher incidence of domestic violence among female,divorced, or co-habitant persons when the violent event was perpetrated by males. Therewas only a minor chance of occurrence of domestic violence involving firearms. 8 out of 10victims of domestic violence were women and the female/male ratio was 3.3 times greaterthan that of community violence (violence not occurring in the home). Unmarried coupleswere twice as likely to have a victim in the family unit (OR = 2.03), compared to married couples.Seven geographical hotspots were identified. The greatest density of hotspots wasfound in the East side of the study area and was spatially coincident with the lowest averagefamily income. Aggressor sex, marital status, and mechanism of injury were most associatedwith domestic violence, and low-income neighbourhoods were coincident with bothdomestic and non-domestic violence hotspots. These results provide further evidence thateconomic poverty may play a significant role in interpersonal, and particularly domesticviolence

Systemic Manifestations, Tooth Eruption and Enamel Defects in Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: 36-Month Follow-up Case Series

Objective: To describe systemic manifestations, the characteristics related to tooth eruption, and the occurrence of enamel defects in children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZS). Material and Methods: Prospective case series based on nine children with confirmed CZS diagnosis assisted at a reference center in a municipality in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Through a structured interview directed to mothers, information related to prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods was collected. Tooth eruption was monitored through clinical examinations for 36 months. The modified developmental defect of enamel index (DDE) was used to identify opacities and hypoplasia. Data were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: A high proportion (77.8%) had microcephaly, and 55.5% had low birth weight. Musculoskeletal disorders, swallowing difficulty, and self-injury practices were present in all children. Among the systemic findings, visual impairment (77.8%) and seizures (77.8%) were widely reported. Concerning disorders related to the stomatognathic system, bruxism (66.7%) and difficulty in sucking (33.3%) were present. For most children (77.8%), the deciduous right lower central incisor was the first tooth to erupt (minimum 8 months and maximum 17 months). Enamel defects were diagnosed in only two children (22.2%). Conclusion: A wide range of systemic manifestations was observed in children with CZS, including visual impairment and musculoskeletal disorders. Delayed eruption of the first deciduous tooth was also observed. Enamel defects were present in a small proportion of children

Exploring the effect of time and sex in family and community violence from 2008 to 2014

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the time and the sex of victims and perpetrators on the rates of family and community physical violence in a Brazilian municipality over seven years (2008–2014). METHODS We made a census analysis from non-fatal victims attended in the Forensic Institute of the Scientific Civil Police. The monthly and annual violence rates were calculated based on the population size of the municipality. Time series was evaluated by negative binomial regression models, based on the number of cases with population offset and considering the effect of the sex of victims and perpetrators. RESULTS A total of 3,324 cases of family and 4,634 cases of community violence were analyzed. There was a significant increase in family violence rates for female victims and male perpetrators. Family violence rates were always higher for female victims than for male and it was always lower for female perpetrators than for male (p < 0.001). There was a lower risk of community violence for male victims after 2013 and a decrease of aggression perpetrated by men over time. Men and women were similarly affected by community violence; however, the perpetrators were more frequently men. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a trend of increasing female victims in the family violence, mainly perpetrated by men. The reduction in community violence rates could be the result of policies to reduce crime

MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA, ETIOLOGY AND PROFILE OF PATIENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

<div><p>ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the profile of patients with facial trauma admitted in a hospital located in a metropolitan area of Northeast Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional and exploratory study was performed. A total of 244 cases were in agreement with the eligibility criteria. The variables include the sociodemographic characteristics of patients, etiology, type of trauma, treatment modalities, length of stay in a hospital and quarter of care. Descriptive statistics and Cluster Analysis were performed. Results: The average age of patients was 31.16 years (SD = 15.17 years) and average hospitalization was 6.32 days (SD = 7.75 days). It was verified the automatic formation of four clusters with different profiles of patients. The variables which most contributed to the external differentiation between clusters were: length of stay in a hospital (p <0.001), etiology (p <0.001), type of facial trauma (p <0.001), presence of associated trauma (p <0.001), treatment modalities (p <0.001) and quarter of care (p <0.001). Conclusion: The most of patients were men, victims of traffic accidents, which suffered fracture of zygomatic complex and underwent surgery. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.</p></div

Perda precoce de molares permanentes e fatores associados em escolares de 9, 12 e 15 anos da rede pública municipal de Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil = Early loss of permanent molars and associated factors in schoolchildren aged 9, 12 and 15 years attending public schools in Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil

Este estudo avaliou a perda precoce de molares permanentes em escolares da rede pública de Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, com idades de nove, 12 e 15 anos. A amostra compreendeu 873 escolares, aleatoriamente selecionados. O instrumento de coleta consistiu de um questionário e de uma ficha clínica. As variáveis do estudo compreenderam os aspectos relativos à perda dentária (tipo de elemento dental, localização na arcada dentária e a região do arco), à prevenção e à autopercepção em saúde bucal. A análise estatística compreendeu a distribuição de frequências e os testes do Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Os resultados revelaram a prevalência de 17,2% de perda dentária, sem diferenças entre os sexos, frequência de escovação e palestra educativa (p > 0,05). Os elementos dentários 36 (42,5%) e 46 (33,9%) foram os mais frequentemente perdidos. Observou-se a associação positiva entre perda dentária e as variáveis idade, visita ao cirurgião-dentista (OR = 2,19; IC95%: 1,35-3,59), satisfação com o sorriso (OR = 0,40; IC95%: 0,24-0,65) e a dificuldade na mastigação (OR = 2,16; IC95%: 1,48- 3,16). Conclui-se que a prevalência da perda precoce de molares permanentes foi elevada, sendo necessária a imediata adoção de ações curativas a fim de reduzir a perda precoce desses elementos dentários.<br><br>This study evaluate the early loss of permanent molars in schoolchildren aged 9, 12 and 15 years attending public schools in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil. The sample was composed of 873 randomly selected schoolchildren. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire and a clinical chart. The following variables were analyzed: tooth loss (tooth type, localization in the dental arch and region of the arch), prevention and selfperception of oral health. The statistical analysis was done by frequency distribution and the chisquare and fisher’s exact tests were used. The results showed a prevalence of 17.2% of tooth losswithout differences between genders, toothbrushing frequency and attendance to educational lectures (p > 0.05). Teeth 36 (42.5%) and 46 (33.9%) were the most frequently lost. There was association between tooth loss and age, visit to the dentist (OR = 2.19, CI95% = 1.35-3.59), satisfaction with the smile (OR = 0.40, CI95% = 0.24-0.65) and chewing difficulty (OR = 2.16, IC95%: 1.48-3.16). It may be concluded that the prevalence of early loss of permanent molarswas high. It is therefore necessary to adopt immediate curative actions to reduce early tooth loss