Hindi (Meleagris gallopavo) Bursa fabricius’unun taramalı elektron ve ışık mikroskobu ile incelenmesi.

Gültiken ME, Yıldız D, Karahan S, Bolat D. Hindi (Meleagris gallopavo) Bursa fabricius’unun taramalı elektron ve ışık mikroskobu ile incelenmesi. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 2010, 26, 2, 69-73 Amaç: Hindide Bursa fabricius’un morfolojisinin belirli dönemlerde incelenmesi ve dönemlere göre morfometrik analizinin taramalı elektron mikroskobu ve ışık mikroskobu kullanılarak yapılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 1-24 haftalığa kadar toplam 50 hindiye ait Bursa fabricius’lar kullanıldı. Hayvanların ve nekropsi sonrası Bursa fabricius’ların ağırlıkları belirlendi. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile yapılacak çalışma öncesi dokular gluteraldehit ile tespit edildikten sonra mikroskop kullanılarak görüntüler elde edildi. Histolojik çalışma için dokular rutin histolojik takip sonrası Mallory’s triple ve Haematoxylen-eosin ile boyanarak ışık mikroskobu ile incelendi. Bulgular: Morfometrik veriler Bursa fabricius’un maksimum büyüklüğüne 9. haftada ulaştığını gösterdi. Dokuzuncu haftayı takiben Bursa fabricius ağırlığındaki azalma hindide involusyonun bu dönemi takiben şekillenmeye başladığını gösterdi. Taramalı elektron mikroskop ile yapılan incelemelerde Bursa fabricius lumenine uzanan plica yüzeylerindeki kubbe şeklindeki epitel görüntüsünün 5. ve 9. haftalarda en belirgin ve düzgün olarak tespit edildi. İlerleyen haftalarda (13. ve 24.) Bu manzarada dikkat çekici bir düzensizlik gözlendi. Öneri: Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulguların, ilerde yapılacak çalışmalara ve hindi aşılama programlarına katkı yapacağı düşünülmektedir.Gultiken ME, Yildiz D, Karahan S, Bolat D. Scanning electron and light microscopic investigation of Bursa fabricius in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Eurasian J Vet Sci, 2010, 26, 2, 69-73 Aim: The aim of this study was postnatal investigation of morphometric features of Bursa fabricius in Turkey by using scanning electron microscope and light microscope. Materials and Methods: One 1-24 week old 50 turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) were used. Their Bursa fabriciuses were taken out after the necropsy and weighted. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde, examined and photographed under scanning electron microscope. For histological examination, tissues were prepared using routine histologic methods and stained with Mallory’s triple and Hematoxylen-Eosine. Results: The morphometric data concerning turkey ducklings used in the study showed that Bursa fabricius reaches its maximum size at the 9th week. The decrease in the weight of Bursa fabricius following the week of 9 proved that involution session in the turkey begins after that period. On the investigation performed by means of scanning electron microscopy, dome shaped surface epithelium which covers subepithelial lymph follicles on the surface was determined to be most clear in the 5th and 9th weeks. There was a distinct irregularity of this appearance in the following weeks ($13^ {th}$ and $24^ {th}$). Conclusion: It was concluded that the results may contribute to the researches which relate to humoral immunity formation and effectiveness of vaccination programme

The Results of Adjuvant and Salvage Radiotherapy Following Radical Prostatectomy

Objective:The aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT) to oncological outcomes and side effects related to treatment in prostate cancer patients with adverse prognostic factors.Method:Between January 2000 and January 2020, 105 patients who received the diagnosis of prostate cancer and underwent ART or SRT in our clinic after open or robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy were evaluated retrospectively and 93 patients whose follow-ups were still ongoing were included in the study. Fifty-two patients received ART and 41 patients received SRT. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was applied to prostate bed (PB) with a median EBRT of 70 Gy (66-72 Gy) and/or pelvic lymphatics with 50 Gy. Biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) and treatment-related acute and late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities were evaluated. The Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used for univariate analysis to analyze clinicopathological variables associated with biochemical relapse-free and overall survival and to evaluate side effects. Logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis to investigate the risk factors associated with toxicities.Results:The median age of the patients included in the study was 64 (50-82) years. The median follow-up period of the entire patient population was 30 months (range, 3-234 months). Adjuvant RT was applied to 52 patients with adverse pathological features such as postoperative surgical margin positivity, extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle involvement, while SRT was applied to 41 patients with a prostate-specific antigen level ≥0.2 ng/mL detected during follow-up and considered to have biochemical relapse. bRFS rates at 3 years were detected as 100% in the ART and 97.4% in the SRT arm. Acute and late side effects were evaluated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer system, and acute and late GI and GU side effects were found to be similar in patients who underwent ART or SRT. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis in which the factors predicting the development of acute toxicity were investigated, the risk of developing acute toxicity was found to be higher in patients with lymph node involvement (p=0.047) and those who underwent whole pelvic RT (WPRT) compared to those who received RT applied only to PB (p= 0.002). When the patients who received WPRT using volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) were compared with those who had radiotherapy delivered only to PB, grade ≥2 acute GI side effects were detected in 4.2% and 1.4% of the patients, respectively (p=0.002). On the other hand, grade ≥2 acute GU side effects were found in 12.5% and 5.7% of the patients, respectively. When WPRT vs only PB was compared, any statistically significant difference was not found in terms of late toxicity.Conclusion:Postoperative radiotherapy improves biochemical relapse-free survival in patients with adverse prognostic factors. Despite low incidence of side effects, postoperative pelvic radiotherapy results in significant increases in the acute gastrointestinal toxicity rates. Advanced treatment techniques such as VMAT should be considered in pelvic radiotherapy so as to reduce the incidence of these side effects. It should be noted that in order to improve the quality of life of the patients, timely administration of early SRT showed comparable cancer control rates while reducing potential overtreatment toxicity

Önleyici yapısal sağlık izleme metodları, araç ve stratejilerinin araştırılması, geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması

TÜBİTAK MAG01.10.201

Unsustainable harvest of water frogs in southern Turkey for the European market

Frogs have been harvested from the wild for the last 40 years in Turkey. We analysed the population dynamics of Anatolian water frogs (Pelophylax spp.) in the Seyhan and Ceyhan Deltas during 2013–2015. We marked a total of 13,811 individuals during 3 years, estimated population sizes, simulated the dynamics of a harvested population over 50 years, and collated frog harvest and export statistics from the region and for Turkey as a whole. Our capture estimates indicated a population reduction of c. 20% per year, and our population modelling showed that, if overharvesting continues at current rates, the harvested populations will decline rapidly. Simulations with a model of harvested population dynamics resulted in a risk of extinction of > 90% within 50 years, with extinction likely in c. 2032. Our interviews with harvesters revealed their economic dependence on the frog harvest. However, our results also showed that reducing harvest rates would not only ensure the viability of these frog populations but would also provide a source of income that is sustainable in the long term. Our study provides insights into the position of Turkey in the ‘extinction domino’ line, in which harvest pressure shifts among countries as frog populations are depleted and harvest bans are effected. We recommend that harvesting of wild frogs should be banned during the mating season, hunting and exporting of frogs < 30 g should be banned, and harvesters should be trained on species knowledge and awareness of regulations

Real-world efficacy and safety of Ledipasvir plus Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir +/- Dasabuvir combination therapies for chronic hepatitis C: A Turkish experience

Background/Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the real-life efficacy and tolerability of direct-acting antiviral treatments for patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with/without cirrhosis in the Turkish population.Material and Methods: A total of 4,352 patients with CHC from 36 different institutions in Turkey were enrolled. They received ledipasvir (LDV) and sofosbuvir (SOF)+/- ribavirin (RBV) ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir +/- dasabuvir (PrOD)+/- RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates, factors affecting SVR, safety profile, and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) occurrence were analyzed.Results: SVR12 was achieved in 92.8% of the patients (4,040/4,352) according to intention-to-treat and in 98.3% of the patients (4,040/4,108) according to per-protocol analysis. The SVR12 rates were similar between the treatment regimens (97.2%-100%) and genotypes (95.6%-100%). Patients achieving SVR showed a significant decrease in the mean serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (50.90 +/- 54.60 U/L to 17.00 +/- 14.50 U/L) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores (7.51 +/- 4.54 to 7.32 +/- 3.40) (p<0.05). Of the patients, 2 were diagnosed with HCC during the treatment and 14 were diagnosed with HCC 37.0 +/- 16.0 weeks post-treatment. Higher initial MELD score (odds ratio [OR]: 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.38; p=0.023]), higher hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.31-2.28; p=0.038), and higher serum ALT levels (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.21-1.83; p=0.042) were associated with poor SVR12. The most common adverse events were fatigue (12.6%), pruritis (7.3%), increased serum ALT (4.7%) and bilirubin (3.8%) levels, and anemia (3.1%).Conclusion: LDV/SOF or PrOD +/- RBV were effective and tolerable treatments for patients with CHC and with or without advanced liver disease before and after liver transplantation. Although HCV eradication improves the liver function, there is a risk of developing HCC.Turkish Association for the Study of The Liver (TASL

Current barriers and recommendations on the diagnosis of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: a Delphi study

ObjectivesThis study has been conducted to investigate the non-invasive diagnostic journey of patients with a transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (aTTR-CM) in Turkey, identify the challenges and uncertainties encountered on the path to diagnosis from the perspectives of expert physicians, and develop recommendations that can be applied in such cases.MethodsThis study employed a three-round modified Delphi method and included 10 cardiologists and five nuclear medicine specialists. Two hematologists also shared their expert opinions on the survey results related to hematological tests during a final face-to-face discussion. A consensus was reached when 80% or more of the panel members marked the “agree/strongly agree” or “disagree/strongly disagree” option.ResultsThe panelists unanimously agreed that the aTTR-CM diagnosis could be established through scintigraphy (using either 99mTc-PYP, 99mTc-DPD, or 99mTc-HMPD) in a patient with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) without a further investigation if AL amyloidosis is ruled out (by sFLC, SPIE and UPIE). In addition, scintigraphy imaging performed by SPECT or SPECT-CT should reveal a myocardial uptake of Grade ≥2 with a heart-to-contralateral (H/CL) ratio of ≥1.5. The cardiology panelists recommended using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and a detailed echocardiographic scoring as a last resort before considering an endomyocardial biopsy in patients with suspected CA whose scintigraphy results were discordant/inconclusive or negative but still carried a high clinical suspicion of aTTR-CM.ConclusionThe diagnostic approach for aTTR-CM should be customized based on the availability of diagnostic tools/methods in each expert clinic to achieve a timely and definitive diagnosis

Legacy of an Anatolian Sufi from a Psychological Perspective: Case of Yunus Emre

The Sufi perspective exhibited by Yunus Emre has provided an ontological comprehension that explains the meaning of existence and life. The origin of “self” or “ego” is based on the Soul that is Truth (Hakk) within this ontological understanding grounded in Oneness. It gives endless meaning to people as it refers to the value of humans not in terms of their individual attributes but their divine side. The only possible way to transition from the illusory formed self to the real self, the Soul, is through the love of Truth and with a mentor or guide that has experienced this love of Truth. The relationship that is established with the mentor or guide heals relational problems and has a nature that also frees humans from their biological, relational, societal, and psychological boundaries. One’s moral sentiment based on their perception of life is oriented to purify the negative attributes that sustain the illusory self to gain virtues that will allow one to experience the real self. Yunus has indicated an understanding of existence, meaning of life, and a remedial, liberating model of relating as well as an ethical approach towards humanity in this era of narcissism