Not All Lies Are Equal. A Study Into the Engineering of Political Misinformation in the 2016 US Presidential Election

We investigated whether and how political misinformation is engineered using a dataset of four months worth of tweets related to the 2016 presidential election in the United States. The data contained tweets that achieved a signi cant level of exposure and was manually labelled into misinformation and regular information. We found that misinformation was produced by accounts that exhibit different characteristics and behaviour from regular accounts. Moreover, the content of misinformation is more novel, polarised and appears to change through coordination. Our ndings suggest that engineering of political misinformation seems to exploit human traits such as reciprocity and con rmation bias. We argue that investigating how misinformation is created is essential to understand human biases, diffusion and ultimately better produce public policy.The work of M. Molina-Solana was supported by the European Commission under Grant 743623. The work of J. Amador Díaz López was supported by the Imperial College Research Fellowship. The work of J. Gómez-Romero was supported by the Universidad de Granada under Grant P9-2014-ING and in part by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport under the José Castillejo Research Stays Programme

Gestión del conocimiento: perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 11

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 11, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro cuenta con el apoyo de los grupos de investigación: Universidad Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprúm” (UNESUR), Zulia – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Falcón Alonso Gamero (UPTAG), Falcón – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Mérida Kleber Ramírez (UPTM), Mérida – Venezuela; Universidad Guanajuato (UG) - Campus Celaya - Salvatierra - Cuerpo Académico de Biodesarrollo y Bioeconomía en las Organizaciones y Políticas Públicas (C.A.B.B.O.P.P), Guanajuato – México; Centro de Altos Estudios de Venezuela (CEALEVE), Zulia – Venezuela, Centro Integral de Formación Educativa Especializada del Sur (CIFE - SUR) - Zulia - Venezuela, Centro de Investigaciones Internacionales SAS (CIN), Antioquia - Colombia.y diferentes grupos de investigación del ámbito nacional e internacional que hoy se unen para estrechar vínculos investigativos, para que sus aportes científicos formen parte de los libros que se publiquen en formatos digital e impreso

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

ErgoVidrio: jugar “en serio” para prevenir en el sector del Vidrio

Durante 2014, CONFEVICEX, FITAG-UGT y CCOO-INDUSTRIA, con el apoyo de entidades especializadas en ergonomía y salud laboral, han desarrollado el proyecto “Instrumentos Preventivos para la Formación Virtual en Prevención de Riesgos Ergonómicos en el sector del Vidrio”. Este proyecto ha sido desarrollado gracias a la financiación de la Fundación para la Prevención de Riesgos Laborales (FPRL). Acciones IS 0317/20013, IS 0266/20013, IS 0320/20013. El principal resultado del proyecto es la aplicación ErgoVidrio, un “serious game” que permite, de manera gratuita, acceder desde un Smartphone o tableta a información en materia de Salud Laboral y Prevención de Riesgos Laborales en el sector del Vidrio

Enfermedad tuberculosa entre trabajadores de salud

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) transmission is a well-recognized risk in healthcare facilities. This risk is variable considering to the nature of such facilities (primary, secondary, or tertiary care), the prevalence of TB in the community, occupational groups of healthcare workers (HCW), the particular area in which they work, and the effectiveness of control programs. Objectives: To describe the features of TB and results of therapy for this disease in HCW seen in the TB Control Program in Cayetano Heredia National Hospital in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: A descriptive observational study was performed, including cases (HCWs) and controls (patients) admitted in the TB Control Program in Cayetano Heredia National Hospital in Lima, Peru, between 1994 and 2007. Results: 957 TB cases were seen in the TB Control Program in Cayetano Heredia Hospital from January 1994 to December 2007. One hundred and fifty nine (16,6%) were HCW, their average age was 31,05 ±8,79 years, 84 (52,8%) were female, and 122 (76,7%) developed pulmonary disease. Of these latter cases, 36,5% were healthcare professionals and 34,6% were medicine, nursing, or health technology students. Amongst healthcare professionals that developed TB, 41 (71%) were physicians, and most of them (63%) were residents in-training. Amongst students, medicine students accounted for most TB cases (87%), and 75% of them were senior medical students (interns and 6th year). Twenty isolated of M. tuberculosis had susceptibility tests performed, 11 (55%) were resistant to at least one antituberculous drug, 5 (25%) were multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis isolates, 8 (40%) were isoniazid-resistant, 6 (30%), were rifampin-resistant, 6 (30%) were streptomycin-resistant, and 4 (20%) were ethambutol-resistant. Seventy four (60,7%) of 122 HCWs with pulmonary TB entered the Program with sputum smears negative for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and only 41 (33%) controls had negative sputum smears (p<0.001). HCWs received the same antituberculous therapy and for the same time compared to controls (7,2 ±3,1 months and 6,8 ±3,6 months, p= 0,3), but they received a higher number of doses during the first phase of antituberculous therapy (73,2 ±65,6 vs. 59,01 ±44,5 doses, p= 0.001). Five per cent of HCWs and 13,21% controls had a contact diagnosed with TB during the control period (p<0.001). Conclusions: Most healthcare workers with TB were professionals or students, with a high frequency of MDR strains, there were no deaths in the population studied, and smear-negative forms were most frequent amongst pulmonary TB cases. Compared with controls, TB cases in HCWs had better curation rates with the same time of therapy, but using more daily doses.Introducción: la transmisión de Mycobacterium tuberculosis es un riesgo reconocido en las instituciones de salud. El riesgo varía según el tipo de instalación, la prevalencia de tuberculosis (TB) en la comunidad, el grupo ocupacional de los trabajadores, el área de la instalación en que trabajan y la efectividad del control. Objetivo: describir las características de la enfermedad tuberculosa y los resultados del tratamiento entre los trabajadores de salud atendidos en el Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Material y método: estudio descriptivo observacional de casos entre trabajadores de salud (TS) y pacientes (controles) entre que ingresaron al Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis (PCT) del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) entre 1994 al 2007. Resultados: de enero 1994 a diciembre 2007 se atendieron 957 enfermos de tuberculosis de los cuales 159 (16,6%) fueron TS, con edad promedio de 31,05 ±8,79, siendo 84 (52,8%) mujeres y 122 (76,7%) con enfermedad pulmonar. De estos 36,5% fueron profesionales y 34,6% estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Entre los profesionales de la salud hubo 41 médicos (71%) y de ellos los residentes fueron mayoría (63%). Entre los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud el grupo mayoritario fue el de los estudiantes de medicina (87%), y dentro de ellos la mayoría (75%) externos e internos. De 20 cepas con sensibilidad realizada 11 (55%) fueron resistentes al menos a un fármaco, 5 (25%) multidrogoresistentes, 8 (40%) resistentes a isoniacida, 6 (30%) a rifampicina, 6 (30%) a estreptomicina y 4 (20%) a etambutol. Setenta y cuatro (60,7%) de los 122 TS con TB pulmonar ingresaron con BK negativo, y sólo 41 (33,6%) controles (p<0,001). Los TS recibieron el mismo tipo y tiempo de tratamiento (7,2 ± 3,1 meses) que sus controles (6,8 ± 3,6 meses), (p=0,3) pero mayor número de dosis de la primera fase diaria del tratamiento (73,2 ± 65,6 vs 59,01 ± 44,5 dosis) p= 0,001. El 5,03% de los TS y el 13,21% de los controles tuvo algún contacto al que se le diagnosticó tuberculosis durante el control de los mismos. (p<0,001) Conclusiones: los TS con TB en su mayoría fueron profesionales o estudiantes de ciencias de la salud, con elevado porcentaje de cepas MDR, no habiendo fallecido ninguno por TB, predominando entre los pulmonares las formas negativas. Comparado con los otros pacientes con TB estos curaron más, en igual tiempo de tratamiento, pero con más número de dosis diarias

Las monarquías española y francesa (siglos xvi-xviii)

Desde fines del siglo xx, los historiadores de lo político llevaron adelante una crítica de fondo de la aplicación a la época moderna de conceptos heredados del siglo xix, tales como los de nación o Estado moderno. Así, se ha considerado hasta ahora que existían dos modelos políticos opuestos, sobre todo porque ciertos actores diferenciaban los caracteres y los usos «franceses» y «españoles». ¿En qué medida las monarquías española y francesa pueden seguir concebiéndose como contrapuestas? A partir de la constatación de la naturaleza problemática del concepto de modelo político, en su formulación por la comunidad política, en su recepción exterior y en sus procesos de adaptación, modificación, fusión, etc., esta obra ofrece una visión mucho más compleja, al mostrar que la circulación de las prácticas administrativas y las teorías de gobierno entre ambas monarquías sólo se puede entender en el marco y como expresión de una cultura común

Las monarquías española y francesa (siglos xvi-xviii)

Desde fines del siglo xx, los historiadores de lo político llevaron adelante una crítica de fondo de la aplicación a la época moderna de conceptos heredados del siglo xix, tales como los de nación o Estado moderno. Así, se ha considerado hasta ahora que existían dos modelos políticos opuestos, sobre todo porque ciertos actores diferenciaban los caracteres y los usos «franceses» y «españoles». ¿En qué medida las monarquías española y francesa pueden seguir concebiéndose como contrapuestas? A partir de la constatación de la naturaleza problemática del concepto de modelo político, en su formulación por la comunidad política, en su recepción exterior y en sus procesos de adaptación, modificación, fusión, etc., esta obra ofrece una visión mucho más compleja, al mostrar que la circulación de las prácticas administrativas y las teorías de gobierno entre ambas monarquías sólo se puede entender en el marco y como expresión de una cultura común

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization