Sarcoma de Kaposi, importancia de su diagnóstico para un correcto tratamiento.

El Sarcoma de Kaposi es una neoplasia vascular poco frecuente, descrita por Moritz Kaposi en 1872.Se desarrolla comúnmente de las células endoteliales con evidencia de origen linfático también. Se han descrito 4 formas:• Clásica.• Endémica.• Asociada a iatrogenia por inmunosupresión.• Asociada a SIDA.Esta última tiene una incidencia de 70% en pacientes VIH+ siendo el paladar duro, la lengua y la encía los lugares con más frecuencia de aparición. En el 22% de los casos, la cavidad oral es el lugar de origen de esta lesión, causando movilidad dental, sangrado y dolor

Polymer flooding to improve volumetric sweep efficiency in waterflooding processes

Polymer flooding is a commercial Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process that belongs to the chemical EOR methods. Its principal objective is to improve reservoir sweep efficiency in mature and recent waterfloods. This paper describes a methodology, developed at the Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, for the theoretical evaluation, project design (screening, geological and engineering analysis, experimental evaluation, numerical simulation and financial analysis), pilot implementation and surveillance of the injection process. The first polymer flooding pilot implemented in Colombia by Ecopetrol is described here as an example of the methodology developed. Results of this project show an increase in oil production rates and, a decrease in water cuts increasing the oil recovery factor of patterns YR-504 and YR-510 of Yarigui- Cantagallo Field. Over two million barrels of polymer solution have been injected in the pilot during the first two continuous years of operation. This enables the assimilation of lessons learned and best practices for continual improvement in the operation of such processes. Based on the pilot success, the feasibility of expanding this EOR method in this and other Colombian fields is being evaluated.Ainjeção de polímero é um processo comercial de recuperação que pertence à família da recuperação química. Seu objetivo principal é melhorara eficiência de barrido volumétrico de processos de injeção de água tanto madurecidos quanto novos. O artigo descreve uma metodologia, desenvolvida no Instituto Colombiano do Petróleo (ICP), para a avaliação teórica, concepção do projeto [screening, análises geológico e de engenharia, avaliação experimental, simulação numérica e análise financeira), implementação em campo a escala piloto e monitoramento do processo de injeção. Como caso de aplicação da metodologia apresentamos o primeiro piloto de injeção de polímero implementado na Colômbia pela Ecopetrol. Os resultados deste projeto mostram um aumento na produção de petróleo, diminuição das porcentagens de produção de água e incremento do fator de recuperação no setor dos padrões YR-504 e YR-510 do Campo Yariguí- Cantagallo. No piloto já foram injetados mais de dois milhões de barris de solução polimérica em dois anos contínuos de operação. Isso possibilitou a assimilação das lições aprendidas e de boas práticas para a melhora continua na operação deste tipo de processos. Com base nos ótimos resultados do piloto, é possível avaliar a viabilidade de expandir o método de recuperação melhorado em esse e outros campos da Colômbia.La inyección de polímero es un proceso comercial de recobro mejorado perteneciente a la familia del recobro químico. Su objetivo principal es mejorar la eficiencia de barrido volumétrica de procesos de inyección de agua tanto maduros como nuevos. El artículo describe una metodología, desarrollada en el Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP), para la evaluación teórica, diseño (screening, análisis geológico y de ingeniería, estudio de laboratorio, simulación numérica de yacimientos y análisis financiero), implementación en campo a escala piloto y monitoreo del proceso de inyección. Como caso de aplicación de la metodología se presenta el primer piloto de inyección de polímero implementado en Colombia por Ecopetrol. Los resultados de este proyecto muestran aumento en la producción de petróleo, disminución de los porcentajes de producción de agua e incremento del factor de recobro en el sector de los patrones YR-504 y YR-51 0 del Campo Yariguí- Cantagallo. En el piloto se han inyectado más de dos millones de barriles de solución polimérica en dos años continuos de operación. Esto permitió la asimilación de las lecciones aprendidas y de buenas prácticas para la mejora continua en la operación de este tipo de procesos. Con base en los buenos resultados del piloto, se evalúa la factibilidad de expandir el método de recobro mejorado en éste y otros campos de Colombia

FUNDAMENTOS CONSTITUCIONALES DEL DERECHO PROBATORIO

El presente artículo se ocupa de desentrañar los soportes constitucionalesdel derecho probatorio y, por ende, de la prueba jurídica en sus diferentesespecies. Para el efecto comienza por sentar el principio de que laConstitución política es la fuente de todo nuestro derecho objetivo ypositivo.En seguida se precisan las nociones de derecho probatorio, pruebajurídica, prueba jurídica material y sus modalidades ad subtantiam actusy ad probationem, prueba administrativa y prueba judicial. Y con talesconceptos se emprende la búsqueda de las disposiciones constitucionalesque aluden a las mismas para conformar el respectivo inventario.The article concerns with disembowel the constitutional endures ofevidence law and, thus, the juridical evidence in its different species.For this matter the author starts standing the principle according towith the political constitution is the main source of all our objectiveand positive legislation.Subsequently, the author précis the notions of evidence law, thejuridical evidence and its species ad substantiam actus y adprobationem, administrative evidence, and judicial evidence. Withthose concepts the author initiate the search of the differentconstitutional dispositions which focus in the latter making therespective inventory

FUNDAMENTOS CONSTITUCIONALES DEL DERECHO PROBATORIO

El presente artículo se ocupa de desentrañar los soportes constitucionalesdel derecho probatorio y, por ende, de la prueba jurídica en sus diferentesespecies. Para el efecto comienza por sentar el principio de que laConstitución política es la fuente de todo nuestro derecho objetivo ypositivo.En seguida se precisan las nociones de derecho probatorio, pruebajurídica, prueba jurídica material y sus modalidades ad subtantiam actusy ad probationem, prueba administrativa y prueba judicial. Y con talesconceptos se emprende la búsqueda de las disposiciones constitucionalesque aluden a las mismas para conformar el respectivo inventario.The article concerns with disembowel the constitutional endures ofevidence law and, thus, the juridical evidence in its different species.For this matter the author starts standing the principle according towith the political constitution is the main source of all our objectiveand positive legislation.Subsequently, the author précis the notions of evidence law, thejuridical evidence and its species ad substantiam actus y adprobationem, administrative evidence, and judicial evidence. Withthose concepts the author initiate the search of the differentconstitutional dispositions which focus in the latter making therespective inventory

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care